Test 1-biological molecules

Question 1

formula for carbonic acid

Answer 1

H2CO3

Question 2

formula for bicarbonate ions

Answer 2

HCO3-

Question 3

what happens if blood ph is too high, what formula is the buffer

Answer 3

bicarbonate ions (hco3-) combine with excess h+ to make carbonic acid, which can then be broken down into water and carbon dioxide (exhaled out)

Question 4

what happens if blood ph is too low, what formula is the buffer

Answer 4

buffer carbonic acid (h2co3) combines with blood and dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

Question 5

what is the ph of blood

Answer 5

7.4

Question 6

why does water have high surface tension and can perform capillary action

Answer 6

cohesion and adhesion (due to polarity and hydrogen bonding)

Question 7

what makes carbonic acid

Answer 7

h2o and co2

Question 8

what atoms are always found in living things

Answer 8

hydrogen and carbon

Question 9

why is carbon able to form such large molecules, what can it form

Answer 9

chem properties such as having 4 valence electrons meaning it can bond with at least four other atoms, can form long hydrocarbon chains or rings

Question 10

what bond is formed in dehydration synthesis

Answer 10

covalent bond

Question 11

what are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 11

quick energy, energy storage (more short term), cell markers for cell to cell recognition

Question 12

what are the five monosaccharides

Answer 12

glucose (hexose)
galactose
fructose
ribose (pentose)
deoxyribose

Question 13

what are the three disaccharides and what are their combinations

Answer 13

sucrose: fructose and glucose
maltose: glucose and glucose
lactose: galactose and glucose

Question 14

what is the structure and function of starch

Answer 14

long, few glucose chains
storage form of glucose in plants

Question 15

what is the structure and function of glycogen, where is it found

Answer 15

many, long chains of glucose
storage form of glucose for animals
found in liver

Question 16

what is the structure and function of cellulose

Answer 16

long chains of glucose with alternating bonds between molecules
makes up chitin and is fiber in our diets

Question 17

which parts of glucose link with which in dehydration synthesis

Answer 17

c4 with c1

Question 18

what are the functions of lipids

Answer 18

padding, insulation, chemical messengers (hormones), long term energy usage/ storage, structural component of cell membrane

Question 19

where does energy in lipids go

Answer 19

in liver for immediate use or stored in fat cells

Question 20

whatre the formulas for carboxyl/ acid group and amino group, what polymers are they found in, what do carboxyl groups help with

Answer 20

carboxyl: COOH
amino group: NH2
both are found in proteins (amino acids)
carboxyl group found in lipids (in fatty acids, so in triglycerides and phospholipids too)
carboxyl group helps fatty acids attach to other molecules

Question 21

why are lipids nonpolar

Answer 21

hydrocarbon chain with little en difference

Question 22

what are the four main types of lipids (one is monomer)

Answer 22

fatty acids, triglycerides/ neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids

Question 23

what is the function and structure of fatty acids (general)

Answer 23

long hydrocarbon chains with cooh (carboxyl) end, is the monomer for other lipids

Question 24

what are properties and one example of a saturated fatty acid

Answer 24

no double bonds (in hydrocarbon chain), solid at room temp, straight chain, most amount of H in chain, ex. lard

Question 25

what are properties and give an example of unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 25

liquid at room temp., more than one double bond, ex. oils, bent chain

Question 26

where does trans fatty acid come from and what problems come from it

Answer 26

comes from unsaturated fatty acid, causes high cholesterol, goes to blood not liver

Question 27

what is the function and structure of a triglyceride, are they saturated or unsaturated

Answer 27

storage form of fat (energy) for animals, made of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains (typically saturated, can be unsaturated)

Question 28

whats the function and structure of a phospholipid

Answer 28

structural component in cell membrane made of hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate group) and hydrophobic tails (two fatty acid chains)

Question 29

what polymers do glycerol and glycogen belong in

Answer 29

glycogen is carbohydrate glycerol is lipid (triglyceride and phospholipid)

Question 30

what is cholesterol, what does it make

Answer 30

its a lipid (sterol), makes vitamin d and bile, is in cell membrane structure

Question 31

what is the structure and function of steroids, where do they come from, give examples

Answer 31

derived (made from) cholesterol, made of carbon rings, are chem messengers/ important hormones (ex. testosterone and estrogen)

Question 32

what do emulsifiers do and whats an example of one

Answer 32

ex. bile helps fat mix with water, allowing oils to be attracted to water (not break down in water)

Question 33

how many amino acids are there

Answer 33

20 different r groups= 20 amino acids

Question 34

what is the function of proteins

Answer 34

structural (bones, tissues, cartilage), movement in muscle cells, enzymes immune system antibodies, transport, hormones (signals)

Question 35

what is special about a peptide bond

Answer 35

its polar covalent, since the o double bonded by the carbon attracts more electrons than the nitrogen, so the NH side is more positive

Question 36

what determines secondary structure and what are the two shapes of it

Answer 36

h2 bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms folds due to bonds and r group properties alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

Question 37

what bonds determine tertiary structure, give examples of proteins in this level

Answer 37

initial structure folds in on itself hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and sometimes disulfide bridges adh oxytocin

Question 38

give examples of quaternary proteins

Answer 38

hemoglobin, insulin

Question 39

whatre nucleotides composed of

Answer 39

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar

Question 40

what does phosphate bind to (in its own and close nucleotide) and what does the base bind to for the sugar

Answer 40

phosphate binds to c5 base binds to c1 phopshate from other nucleotide binds to c3

Question 41

which are purines, how many rings

Answer 41

double rings, adenine and guanine

Question 42

which are pyrimidines, how many rings

Answer 42

one ring, thymine, uracil, cytosine

Question 43

how many h bonds between g and c and between a and t/u

Answer 43

g and c: 3 a and c/u: 2

Question 44

which bonds have the most amount of energy in atp

Answer 44

all have high energy, but especially between 2nd and 3rd

Question 45

what is the structure of atp, what does it become when it loses a phosphate group

Answer 45

becomes adp adenine base, 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar

Question 46

whats attached to hydrocarbon chains and what do they do, give example

Answer 46

functional groups, makes macromolecules behave in a certain way ex. carboxyl group