Test 8- Reproductive System Flashcards by Grace Chou

What type of environment do sperm prefer and how do they develop in that environment

Prefers a cooler environment (not body temperature), so testes are held outside of the body to produce sperm, protected by the scrotum

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What happens to testes that dont descend

Need surgery, or is left sterile

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Which part of the testes produces sperm, and what do they absorb to produce it

The hollow, seminiferous tubules inside the testes produce sperm, absorbing testosterone

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Where do sperm mature, where is this

In the epididymis, coiled tubes atop the testes that lead to the vas deferens

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What are the three glands that add secretions into semen (just the names)

The seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbourethral glands

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What do seminal vesicles add to semen

Adds fructose for energy (so sperm can swim) and prostaglandins, a hormone that causes uterine contractions

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What do prostate glands add to semen

Secretes an alkaline (basic) fluid to neutralize the acidic urethra and vagina

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What do bulbourethral glands add to semen

Adds lubricating fluid

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Whats the passageway of sperm in the male reproductive system

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Penis

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What are the three parts of a sperm

Head, middle piece, and tail

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What kind of cap does the head of a sperm have and what does it do

An acrosome cap, which stores enzymes needed for penetrating the egg

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Which part of the sperm has a lot of mitochondria

Middle piece

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When does puberty begin, what hormone is involved

Begins when the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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What does gnrh act on and release as an effect

Acts on the anterior pituitary gland, which releases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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What does lh and fsh do for both genders

Acts on ovaries and testes to produce estrogen (and progesterone via ovulation) and testosterone

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Which part of the testes produces testosterone, and what does it initiate

The testes interstitial (ledig) cells produce testosterone, which initiates sperm production and brings about the male secondary sex characteristics

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How is the production of testosterone limited (via negativefeedback)

When spermatocytes absorb testosterone to mature, they release inhibin, which targets the hypothalamus (and anterior pituitary gland, preventing lh and fsh) to stop gnrh (and therefore testosterone) from being made

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Whats the pathway of production of testoterone, starting from stimulus

Puberty/low levels of testosterone
Hypothalamus
Gnrh
Anterior pituitary gland
Fsh and lh
Testes
Produce testosterone

What are the gonads and gametes of male and female

Gonads: ovaries (female) and testes (male)
Gametes: egg/ovum (female) and sperm (male)

What are the processes of producting an ovum and sperm called

Sperm: spermatogenesis
Ovum: oogenesis

What is ovulation

The release of an egg from the ovary as it enters the oviduct (fallopian tubes)

What is a pap test and what does it test for

A microscopic examination of the cervix tissue for cancer cells

What hormone brings about and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics at puberty, what are some examples of characteristics

Estrogen and progesterone
Development of breasts and body hair, widening of the pelvic girdle, etc

What hormone brings about the male secondary sex characteristics at puberty and what are some characteristics

Testosterone
Development of sex organs, deepening of voice, facial and body hair, etc

What are fimbriae and what do they do

Projections of the oviduct with cilia that sweep egg into the oviduct

How many follicles mature with an egg per monthly cycle

Around 400

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle, what days do they occur at

Menstrual (1-5), follicular (6-13), ovulation (14), luteal (15-28)

What occurs during the menstrual phase and why does this occur

Shedding of the endometrium due to low levels of hormones

What are the phases of the uterine cycle and what days they occur at

Menstrual (1-5), proliferative (6-13), ovulation (14), and secretory (15-28)

What stimulates the hypothalamus to produce gnrh for females

Puberty, low levels of estrogen, and continued production of estrogen (positive feedback) until ovulation occurs

What happens during the follicular phase, what is released during it

Fsh targets the ovaries to begin maturing the egg and follicle, follicle continuously releases estrogen

What hormone causes ovulation, how

A spike in lh (from the hypothalamus continuously making gnrh (therefore lh) stimulated by the estrogen)

What happens to the follicle during ovulation, why

The egg leaves the oviduct, leaving the follicle to break down by itself Follicle stops producing estrogen and becomes a corpus luteum

What occurs during the luteal phase

The corpus luteum continuously produces progesterone (and a bit of estrogen)

Is more estrogen produced during the luteal phase, why

Not a lot (corpus luteum produces a bit), since the follicle (now corpus luteum) no longer produces estrogen

What happens durign the proliferative phase

Estrogen causes the endometrium to start rebuilding

What happens (to the endometrium) during the secretory phase

Progesterone causes the endometrium to continue thickening, becoming more vascular (more blood vessels) and glandular (more glands)

What hormone is produced after fertilization, what does it do

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), temporarily maintains corpus luteum to continue producting progesterone Prevents ovulation due to the high levels of progesterone preventing production of gnrh, meaning no lh and fsh is produced (no spike in lh prevents ovulation)

Why is maintaining progesterone important after fertilization

If progesterone is gone, hormone levels drop, meaning the endometrium sheds

When are the fertile days per cycle, what does the fertile day mean

11-13, 15-17 Not the day you get pregnant!! You cant get pregnant before ovulation, it just means sperm released on those days can survive until ovulation (spawn camping)

How is oxytocin released and from where

Cervix (with stretch receptors) begins to stretch from the pressure of the baby, causing oxytocin to be released from the posterior pituitary gland (made from the hypothalamus)

What are contraceptives and what are the three types

Medications and devices that reduce the chance of pregnancy Barrier, hormonal, surgery

What are the three sti types

Bacterial Viral Parasites

what does the placenta eventually produce

estrogen and progesterone