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Test 7- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the function of the nervous system

A

To coordinate and regulate the functioning of the body’s other systems

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2
Q

What are the two main branches of the nervous system and what sets them apart

A

Central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system includes spinal and cranial nerves

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3
Q

Which way do dendrites and axons carry nerve impulses

A

Dendrites: towards cell body
Axon: away from cell body

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4
Q

What do neuroglia cells do and what are two of them

A

Support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin
Oligodendrocytes and schwaan

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5
Q

What do neurons do and what are the three types

A

Transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system
Sensory, interneuron, and motor

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6
Q

What type of endings do sensory neurons have and what do they do, in which areas are sensory neurons in the cns and pns, what is it myelinated by

A

Have specialized ending called sensory receptors near dendrite end, which detect changes in the environment and carry the messages to the cns, detecting changes in temperature and pressure

Most of sensory neuron in pns, while axon terminal is in cns
Myelinated by schwaan cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the interneuron and which parts are found in the cns and pns, what is it myelinated by

A

Found completely in the cns
Receives messages from sensory neurons, sums up the messages received and communicates with motor neurons
Myelinated by oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

What do motor neurons do, which parts are in the cns and pns, and what are they myelinated by

A

Myelinated by schwaan cells
Carry the message from the cns to an effector (muscle, organ, glands)
Cell body in cns, axon and axon terminal in pns

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9
Q

What does myelin do, what is myelin, where is it from

A

Lipids found in the membranes of schwaan cells
Increases speed of nerve impulse transmissions and aid in nerve regeneration in the pns

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10
Q

Whatre nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheath that allows for nerve impulses to jump from one to the other

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11
Q

Whats saltatory conduction

A

Faster transmission speeds via nodes of ranvier

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12
Q

Which systems are schwaan and oligodendrocytes found

A

Schwaan found in pns, oligodendrocytes found in cns

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13
Q

Whatre tracts and nerves

A

Tracts: bundles of myelinated axons in cns (white matter)
Nerves: bundles of myelinated axons and dendrites in the pns

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14
Q

What is an action potential and what does it do

A

A rapid change in polarity across an axon
Carries the message from one end of the neuron to the other

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15
Q

Whatre the four steps in nerve impulses

A

Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, recovery/refractory period

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16
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron and why is it that way

A

-70 mv
Because theres more na+ outside (causing it to be more negative inside), and theres cl- and large, negatively charged proteins inside

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17
Q

Where is na+ and k+ found during resting potential and during repolarization

A

Resting: k+ inside, na+ outside
Repolarization: k+ outside, na+ inside

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18
Q

What happens during depolarization and why does this happen
How negative does it start and end in this step

A

Na+ channels open after threshold is reached, na+ enters due to concentration and electrochemical gradient, making the neuron more positive.
Starts at -55, ends at 40

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19
Q

How negative does a neuron need to be for na+, k+ ca2+ channels to open

A

Na+: -55 mv
K+: 40 mv
Ca 2+: -55 mv

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20
Q

How negative does a neuron need to be for na+, k+, and sodium potassium pump to close

A

Na+: 40 mv
K+: -70
Pump: -70

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21
Q

What happens during repolarization and why

A

K+ channels open after na+ closes, k+ leaves neurons due to concentration and electrochemical gradient
Neuron becomes more negative

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22
Q

Why does hyperpolarization occur and at what negativity

A

-85
During repolarization, k+ channels are slow to close at -70 mv, causing more k+ to rush out and making it more negative than needed

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23
Q

What happens during the recovery period, how many na+ are moved out and how many k+ are moved in

A

Sodium potassium pump moves 3 na+ out, 2k+ in because ions are on wrong side of neuron

Restores ion distribution so nerve impulse can start again

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24
Q

Whats a synapse

A

A region where the axon of one neuron is close to/ communicates with the cell body/dendrite of another

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25
What do neurotransmitters do
Carry the action potential across the synaptic cleft
26
How do voltage gated ca 2+ channels open
Once the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the first neuron, depolarizes it
27
What does ca2+ do
Diffuse into the neuron via channel, interacting with proteins that cause vesicles with neurotransmitters to merge with the presynaptic membrane
28
How do neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft
Via exocytosis
29
How do neurotransmitters move across the cleft
Diffuses across the cleft to the receptors on the na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane (Dendrite/ cell body of next neuron)
30
What happens when nts bind to the receptors of the post synaptic membrane
Alters the potential of post synaptiv membrane depending on the nt and receptor
31
Whatre the two types of nts and what do they do
Excitatory: cause neuron to get closer to its threshold required in order for it to fire by opening na+ channels (becomes more positive/depolarize) Inhibitory: cause neuron to get further away from its threshold by opening up K+ or Cl- channels (becomes more negative/repolarize)
32
What happens to the neurotransmitters after theyve done their job
Reabsorbed by presynaptic membrane/digested by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
33
Whatre the two neurotransmitters used and where are they used
Acetylcholine (ach) used in somatic and autonomic systems of the pns Norepinephrine used in the sympathetic division of the autonomic system
34
What breaks down ach
Acetylcholinesterase
35
What is different about the action potential for stronger stimuli
More neurons will fire, neurons will fire more frequently
36
How can drugs affect the nervous system and synapses
1.Stimulates release of nts 2.Blocks the release of nts 3.Combines with nts to prevent them from being broken down by enzyme 4.Mimics nts, binding to receptors (Causing impulses/blocks nts from binding) 5. Prevents uptake of nt from presynaptic membrane (neuron continues to fire=continuous impulses)
37
What happens when excitatory and inhibitory nts are blocked
Excitatory: paralysis Inhibitory: convulsions
38
Where does the spinal cord leave the skull from
From the foramen magnum
39
Wheres cerebrospinal fluid found and what does it do
Cushions brain and spinal cord Between the meninges, in brain ventricles, and central canal
40
Whatre the meninges
Protective three membrane layers around the brain and spinal cord
41
For spinal cord, is gray matter on the inside or the outside, what is it also called
The inside The cortex
42
For the brain, is gray matter on the inside or the outside
Outside
43
What does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain, what is it responsible for
Where synapses occur, where commmunication between sensory and motor neurons occurs Contains cell bodies/dendrites of motor neurons, axons of sensory neurons, and cell bodies of interneurons Axons found here are nonmyelinated
44
What is the white matter in the spinal cord responsible for, what does it contain
Interneurons bundled together in tracts (just the myelinated axons) Communication between the brain and pns
45
Whatre the four main parts of the brain
Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
46
what is the cerbral cortex responsible for
For sensation, voluntary movement, and thought
47
What divides the l and r hemispheres of the cerebrum
The longitudinal fissure
48
Whats different about the l and r hemisphere
L: more specific R: more as a whole
49
Whatre the four lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
50
What is the frontal lobe responsible for and contain
Contains the primary motor cortex, controlling voluntary skeletal muscles Allows humans to thnk critically and formulate appropriate behaviours (behaviour/emotional control center, responsible for personality) Contains brocas area (only in lh), which refines grammar and controls speech
51
What does the parietal lobe do and contain
Contains the somatosensory cortex, receives sensory info (touch, temp., pain), from skin and skeletal muscles Analyzes information from skin, muscles, and cerebellum
52
What does the homunculus represent in the brain and why
Somatosensory cortex Represents how the cortex receives more input from some areas (the hands, lips) than others
53
What is the occipital lobe for
For sight and recognizing sights by comparing
54
What is the temporal lobe for
For receiving info from the ears and nose, recognizing sounds by comparing, and understandning written and spoken word via the wenickes area (lh only)
55
What does the cerebellum do
Receives sensory input from joints and muscles Controls balance and maintains posture Works with cerebral (motor) cortex to ensure smooth complex muscle movement, also working with the parietal and frontal lobe
56
What does the diencephalon contain
Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland
57
What does the thalamus do
Receives sensory input (taste, audio, visual), from pns and sends it to the cerebrum (Relay station) Involved in higher mental functions like memory and emotions with the limbic system
58
What does the hypothalamus do and control, what does it regulate
Controls the pituitary glands Maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones Regulates sleep, thirst, hunger, body temperature, blood pressure, water balance
59
What does the pineal gland do
Secrete melatonin, regulating the bodys sleep and wake cycles
60
What does the brainstem contain
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
61
What does the midbrain do and contain
Relay station (passes info) between the cerebrum and the spinal cord/cerebellum Contains reflex processing centers for certain visual and auditory responses
62
What do the pons do and contain
Contains axons that travel from the cerebellum to the rest of the cns Works with medulla oblongata to control breathing
63
What does the medulla oblongata do and what reflex centers does it have
Controls many reflex centers for heartbeat, respiration, vasoconstriction, coughing, swalllowing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping
64
What does the corpus callosum do/ is
Is a bridge of white matter, that passes info between the left and right cerebral hemisphere
65
What does the limbic system do and contain
Contains the hippocampus and amygdala Functions in learning and memory Amygdala also functions in responding to and displaying anger and fear Prompts release of adrenaline from adrenal glands
66
How many cranial nerves are there and what neurons do they contain
12 pairs Sensory, motor, mixed
67
What do cranial nerves operate
Brain, neck, face, internal organs
68
How many spinal nerves are there and what neurons do they contain, what branches do they have
31 pairs All mixed Dorsal (for sensory neurons), and ventral (for motor)
69
What does the somatic nervous system operate, which nt is used
The skin, muscles, and tendons Ach
70
Are ach and ne excitatory or inhibitory
Excitatory
71
What does the autonomic system operate
Heart, glands, internal organs
72
Whats the pathway of information in the autonomic system
Receptor/sensory neuron Motor (preganglionic) Ach Ganglion Motor (postganglionic) Ach/ne Effector
73
Where do nerves leave in the sympathetic division
Leaves the middle (thoracic lumbar) part of the spinal cord
74
Is the preganglionic motor neuron shorter or longer in the sympathetic division, what nts are used
Shorter, ach and ne
75
What does the adrenal medulla release, why, and in what division
Sympathetic Stimulated by neuron Release norepinephrine and adrenaline
76
Where do nerves leave in the parasympathetic division
Leave the cranium/ sacral (bottom) of spinal cord
77
Is the preganglionic motor neuron shorter or longer in the parasympathetic division
Longer
78
Where is the ganglia often found in the parasympathetic division
Above the effector/organ
79
What nt is used in the parasympathetic division
Ach only
80
What is special about a reflex, is it in the gray or white matter
It doesnt involve the brain, is only in the gray matter of the spinal cord

bio 12 (9 decks)

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