Test 1 - Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Sociologists working from the ________-level study small groups and individual interactions
A
micro
2
Q
Sociologists using ________-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies
A
macro
3
Q
________ an awareness of the relationship between a person’s behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person’s choices and perceptions.
A
sociological imagination
4
Q
________ a way of seeing our own and other people’s behavior in relationship to history and social structure
A
sociological imagination
5
Q
- -WHO–
- Sociological imagination
A
C. Wright Mills
6
Q
- -WHO–
- The world’s first sociologist:
A
Ibn Khaldun
7
Q
–WHO–
Predated the rise of sociology but serves as inspiration for modern feminist sociology:
A
Mary Wollstonecraft
8
Q
–WHO–
Gave voice the first observation that there were inequalities in society based on sex:
A
Mary Wollstonecraft
9
Q
–WHO–
The Father of Sociology :
A
Auguste Comte
10
Q
–WHO–
Sociologists have to look behind the circumstances of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen social forces that are acting upon that individual.
A
Auguste Comte
11
Q
- Auguste Comte-
- Sociologists have to look behind the ________ of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen ________ forces that are acting upon that individual.
A
- circumstances
- social
12
Q
________ - scientific study of social patterns
A
positivism
13
Q
________ named the scientific study of social patterns positivism
A
Comte
14
Q
________ - explanation based on observation, experiment
and comparison
A
positivist
15
Q
________ -the First Woman Sociologist
A
-Harriet Martineau
16
Q
Martineau found the workings of ________ at odds with the professed ________ principles of people in the United States
A
- capitalism
- moral
17
Q
Auguste Harriet Martineau was the first person to do a peace of ________ research and the first to argue for an underlying ________ code
A
- sociological
- moral
18
Q
Marx looked at the same social conditions as Spencer, but rather than ________, he saw economic ________
A
- evolution
- exploitation
19
Q
________ held that the wealthy were deliberately controlling both the ________ systems and the governments in an attempt to increase their ________ at the expense of the working poor.
A
- Marx
- economic
- wealth
20
Q
________ theory was actually one of economic determinism
A
Marx
21
Q
–WHO–
His major contribution to Sociology was in opening up the analysis of economic classes and economic conflict.
A
Marx
22
Q
Marx argued that the source of social change was ________
A
economic determinism
23
Q
Marx explained the faults of ________. His work gave birth to what we call ________ theory
A
- capitalism
- conflict
24
Q
________ argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of evolution. That proved wrong, but in science we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes
A
Spencer
25
Spencer argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of ________. That proved wrong, but in ________ we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes
- evolution
| - science
26
________ was also one of the first people to discuss
| the Division of Labor in societies
Durkheim
27
________ - refers to how
work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated.
Division of Labor
28
- -WHO--
| - Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity
Durkheim
29
________ - unifying affect in society how work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated
Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity
30
A very significant contribution of ________ was his observation
that societies are ________
- Weber
| - stratified
31
--Weber--
| ________ - divided into layers of people with unequal access to the benefits of that society.
stratified
32
```
--Weber--
His criteria for “stratification” were:
•________
•power
•________
```
- property (wealth)
| - prestige
33
________ - tentative explanation for the problem
hypothesis
34
________ - The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole
Structural Functionalism
35
________ - The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power
Conflict Theory
36
________- One-to-one interactions and communications
Symbolic Interactionism
37
________ - In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability
dynamic equilibrium
38
________- The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated
Manifest functions
39
________ - The unsought consequences of a social process
latent functions
40
- -WHO--
- Manifest functions
- Latent functions
Robert Merton
41
________ - looks at society as a competition for limited resources
Conflict theory
42
Conflict theory - is a ________- level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist ________
- macro
| - Karl Marx
43
modern “feminist theory” is a type of “________” approach to ________ issues
- conflict
| - gender
44
________ - focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society
Symbolic interactionism
45
Symbolic interactionism is a ________-level theory that focuses on the ________ among individuals within a society
- micro
| - relationships
46
________ - idea that social systems are whatever people interpret them to be
constructivism
47
--WHO--
| sociology is “obvious” until you encounter something counterintuitive
Peter Berger
48
newer modes of social interaction that have also spawned harmful consequences:
-
-
- cyberbullying
| - Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD)
49
________ - evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation.
empirical evidence
50
empirical evidence - evidence that comes from direct ________, scientifically gathered data, or ________ .
- experience
| - experimentation
51
________ - technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together
Meta-analysis
52
Rotton and Kelly’s meta-analysis included thirty-seven prior studies on the effects of the ________ on crime rates, and the overall findings were that full moons are entirely ________ to crime, suicide, psychiatric problems
- full moon
| - unrelated
53
________ - refers to how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced
reliability
54
________ - refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure
validity
55
3 rules of the Scientific Method:
1. IF YOU ________ SEE IT, YOU CAN’T TALK ABOUT IT.
2. IF YOU ________ SEE IT, WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT IT, YOU HAVE TO MAKE SENSE.
3. ________ EVERYTHING !!
- CAN’T
- CAN
- TEST
56
________ - define the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it
operational definition
57
________ - where we start when defining an idea or behavior
conceptual definition
58
________ - define it in a way that gives us something to actually measure
operational definition
59
________ - the cause of the change
independent variables
60
________ - the effect, or thing that is changed
dependent variable
61
________ - where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study.
Hawthorne effect
62
________ - collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire
survey research
63
- survey research -
| Written are usually called ________ and verbal are usually called “________”
- surveys
| - interviews
64
________ - people who are the focus of a study, such as college athletes, international students, or teenagers living with type 1 (juvenile-onset) diabetes
population
65
________
- a manageable number of subjects who represent a larger population.
- a small sector of the population,
sample
66
________ - every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study
random sample
67
________ - results that are subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting
qualitative research
68
________ - refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey
Field research
69
________ - refers to the preliminary kinds of studies that lead to conceptual ideas for further research
field research
70
________ - Researchers join people and participate in a group’s routine activities for the purpose of observing them within that context
participant observation
71
________ - The extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.
Ethnography
72
________ - involve objective observation of an entire community.
Ethnographies
73
________ - in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.
Case study
74
________ - also called “wild child,” is one who grows up isolated from human beings
feral child
75
You would use a ________ to study Feral children
Case study
76
________ - meaning they investigate relationships to test a hypothesis—a scientific approach
experiment
77
two main types of experiments: ________ experiments and ________ experiments
- lab-based
| - natural or field
78
Black Panther bumper sticker ________
experiment
79
________ - doesn’t result from firsthand research collected from primary sources, but are the already completed work of other researchers.
Secondary data analysis
80
________ - applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as they relate to the study at hand
content analysis
81
________ —formal guidelines for conducting sociological research—consisting of principles and ethical standards to be used in the discipline.
code of ethics
82
________ - describes procedures for filing, investigating, and resolving complaints of unethical conduct.
code of ethics
83
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Questionnaires • Interviews
Survey
84
```
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Observation
• Participant
observation
• Ethnography
• Case study
```
Field Work
85
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Deliberate manipulation of social customs and mores
Experiment
86
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Analysis of government data (census, health, crime statistics)
• Research of historic documents
Secondary Data Analysis
87
________ - shared beliefs, values, and practices, that participants must learn
culture
88
________ - a group of people who share a community and a culture
society
89
________ culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people
Material
90
________ - consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
Nonmaterial culture
91
________ is basically stuff you can touch
Material Culture
92
________ is basically ideas and beliefs
Non-Material Culture
93
________ - everything that has shared meaning for the members of a society or social system
Culture
94
________ are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.
Cultural universals
95
cultures also share common elements: ________
Cultural universals
96
Example of ________
| -Music, such as in a film, it turns out, is a sort of universal language
Cultural universals
97
________ - the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture
cultural imperialism
98
People with the best intentions sometimes travel to a society to “help” its people, because they see them as uneducated or backward—essentially inferior. In reality, these travelers are guilty of ________
cultural imperialism
99
________ - Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration
culture shock
100
________ - the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.
Cultural relativism
101
________ - the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.
Beliefs
102
________ - a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society
Values
103
________ - the standards society would like to embrace and live up to.
ideal culture
104
________ - the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists.
real culture
105
________ - define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them
Norms
106
breaching experiment, breaking ________
Norms
107
________ - are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group.
Mores (mor-ays)
108
________ - such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words—help people understand that world.
Symbols
109
________ - is a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.
Language
110
________ - is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
111
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is based on the idea that people experience their world through their ________ , and that they therefore understand their world through the ________ embedded in their language.
- language
| - culture
112
________ - a smaller cultural group within a larger culture;
subculture
113
Biker culture, Tattoos are examples of
subculture
114
________ - refer to this time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture
culture lag
115
Ways culture change:
| ________ : Discovery and Invention
Innovation
116
The integration of world markets and technological advances of the last decades have allowed for greater exchange between cultures through the processes of ________ and ________
- globalization
| - diffusion
117
________ - integration of international trade and finance markets
globalization
118
________ - the spread of material and nonmaterial culture.
diffusion
119
Comte’s 1st big idea is that there should be a ________ to study ________ and groups
- science
| - societies
120
Comte’s next big ideas are:
a) that societies had to be studied
as a ________, not as the sum of the ________ members
- whole
| - individual
121
Comte’s next big ideas are:
b) it had to be based on ________ knowledge, and
c) started us looking at the parts of a society based on the ________ that they perform.
- empirical
| - function
122
--WHO--
| Positivism (________)
Comte
123
```
--WHO--
Social Darwinism (________)
```
Spencer
124
```
--WHO--
Economic Determinism (________ )
```
Marx
125
```
--WHO--
Pure Sociology (________)
```
Parsons
126
```
--WHO--
Applied Sociology (________)
```
Addams
127
```
--WHO--
Sociological Imagination (________)
```
Mills
128
First use of math is as a ________ tool
logic
129
-Descriptive statistics-
________ -
a. Mean or average
b. Mode
c. Median
Measures of Central Tendency
130
-Descriptive statistics-
Measures of Central Tendency-
a. ________ or average
b. Mode
c. ________
- Mean
| - Median
131
-Descriptive statistics-
________ -
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard Deviation
d. The “magic” properties of the SD
Measures of Dispersion
132
-Descriptive statistics-
Measures of Dispersion-
a. ________
b. Variance
c. ________
d. The “magic” properties of the SD
- Range
| - Standard Deviation
133
-Analytical statistics-
________ -
- -coefficient of correlation
- -the “magic” properties of the Coefficient
Regression analysis
134
-Analytical statistics-
Regression analysis-
- -coefficient of ________
- -the “magic” properties of the ________
- correlation
| - Coefficient
135
-Analytical statistics-
________ -
--the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the observed data could be due to chance alone.
Chi-Square
136
-Analytical statistics-
Chi-Square-
--the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the ________ data could be due to ________ alone.
- observed
| - chance
137
The tools of ________ are mainly tools we use to measure human ________
- Sociology
| - behavior
138
- Tools of Sociology -
The measures must be both ________ and ________
- accurate
| - reliable
139
- Tools of Sociology -
The most common device to gather information is the ________
survey
140
- Tools of Sociology -
The big problem with ________ is to ask questions that
are understandable
are not “________” or “leading” people to an answer
truly measure what they are supposed to
- surveys
| - loaded
141
- Tools of Sociology -
If you get the survey instrument correct, you still must also
select the right ________ of the population to get ________ results
- sample
| - accurate
142
- Tools of Sociology -
Another way to gather data is in an ________. You use an experiment in order to reduce and control unnecessary ________.
The same rules apply to experiments as apply to surveys.
- experiment
| - variables
143
- Tools of Sociology -
We use ________ probability to assist us in selecting the right
sample size to ensure representativeness and also in ________ the data.
-statistical
| analyzing
144
- Tools of Sociology -
We also use various forms of observation to study ________,
including participant observation and the use of content analysis
of various ________ and documents.
- behavior
| - communications
145
________ cannot be ignored or avoided. We are all born into a culture and it pretty much defines our ________ and ourselves.
- culture
| - life
146
culture consist of:
- ________ and non-material parts
- language, ________, sanctions, values, ________, heritage, etc
- material
- norms
- beliefs
147
What do cultures do? That is what functions do they perform?
- enable cooperation and ________
- increase ________ and solidarity
- provide an “________” to societies and other groups
- organization
- stability
- identity
148
Types of cultures:
hunting and ________, horticultural, ________, industrial, ________ industrial
- gathering
- agrarian
- post
149
Issues related to cultures:
- Cultural ________
- Ethnocentrism and culture ________
- Cultural integration
- Globalization / Glocalization
- Cultural ________
- Ideal vs. Real culture
- conflict
- shock
- lag
