Test 3 - P.P.

Question 1

simple definition of a group:

_________ or more people, acting together, in pursuit of a _________ goal.

Answer 1

• Two

- common

Question 2

Elements of Social Structure:

-Roles
-

Answer 2

• Sanctions

- Status

Question 3

Elements of Social Structure:

-
-Sanctions
-
-Status

Answer 3

• Norms

- Roles

Question 4

_________ Groups:
Relationships that are based
on family, friendship, affection or similar kinds of bonds.

Answer 4

Primary

Question 5

_________ Groups: Relationships such as Co-workers, customer/sales clerk, committee
members, doctor/patient

Answer 5

Primary

Question 6

• WHO -

Primary and Secondary groups

Answer 6

Cooley

Question 7

_________ groups are the groups that we are most
concerned about gaining approval from, or “fitting
into.”

Answer 7

Reference

Question 8

_________ groups are defined on the basis

of whether we are members of the group or not.

Answer 8

In and out

Question 9

Without these two basic ideas, joint effort in groups would not be possible.

Answer 9

• COOPERATION

- EXCHANGE

Question 10

_________ implies that we are trading our effort for something we consider to be of equal or greater value

Answer 10

Exchange

Question 11

_________ implies a

willing sharing of effort in anticipation of sharing in a group reward.

Answer 11

Cooperation

Question 12

Slavery isn’t a matter of cooperation, it is a matter of _________

Answer 12

coercion

Question 13

A branch of sociology that has it’s focus on how small groups form and function is _________

Answer 13

sociometry

Question 14

A _________ is a two-person group.

Answer 14

dyad

Question 15

_________ : interaction in 2 person groups.

Answer 15

dyadic interaction

Question 16

All groups have some characteristics in common. These are the basic elements of _________ . All groups have to have Norms, or _________. They have to have some ways to enforce norms, which are
positive and negative _________

Answer 16

• social structure
• rules
• Sanctions

Question 17

Rules (and roles and sanctions) seem to emerge whenever 2 or more people spend any significant time with each other. That is why we refer to such characteristics as _________

Answer 17

emergent traits

Question 18

Rules _________ when people come together and form a group

Answer 18

emerge

Question 19

So in small groups, rules are unwritten or even just understood. We refer such rules by the term _________. Technically: informal norms.

Answer 19

informal

Question 20

With the advent of Unions, the _________ (writing down) of rules for work took on more significance as a way to protect the rights of both the employee and the employer

Answer 20

formalization

Question 21

All sizes of groups have rules
and they all give some time to train members on the rules, but rules in large groups are written down. We say they are _________.

Answer 21

formalized

Question 22

In small groups, enforcement of the rules is dependent on the _________ and on the _________.

Answer 22

• situation

- enforcer

Question 23

Sanctions, in a large secondary group, are supposed to be _________ and _________ and handled in a professional manner.

Answer 23

• objective

- impersonal

Question 24

In a nutshell, there is no limit to the demands of roles in _________ groups.

Answer 24

primary

Question 25

What we mean by “_________ ” is that people have determined all the tasks that need to be completed for the group to succeed in reaching their “_________ ,”

Answer 25

- rational division of labor | - goal

Question 26

They assigned a certain set of those tasks, or responsibilities, to every individual group member. These assigned tasks are their “_________

Answer 26

roles

Question 27

By “_________” we mean written and by “_________” we mean unwritten ...and sometimes, unspoken

Answer 27

- formal | - informal

Question 28

By “social structure” we mean the _________ (rules) and _________ (functions or jobs) that are necessary to keep a group—large or small—functioning for its members. The basic building blocks of “social structure” are 1. norms, 2._________ , and 3. roles

Answer 28

- norms - roles - sanctions

Question 29

_________ - "Patterns of behavior" common to behavior

Answer 29

Internal dynamics

Question 30

Tradition, according to _________, consists of sentiments and beliefs handed down from generation to generation

Answer 30

Max Weber

Question 31

_________ tradition in which the first born son inherits everything from his parents

Answer 31

primogeniture

Question 32

Weber defined _________ as deliberate, matter-of-fact, calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task, or set of tasks

Answer 32

rationality

Question 33

The predominant form of “rational organizations” has come to be called a _________

Answer 33

Bureaucracy

Question 34

What makes it bureaucratic is that one of those individuals will take on the job of _________ the efforts of the others

Answer 34

coordinating

Question 35

chain of command. It | is what we mean when we say that communication in a bureaucracy is _________ .

Answer 35

structured communication

Question 36

If organizations have all of Webers common features, they are what we call _________

Answer 36

inherently efficient

Question 37

Weber created a hypothetical, _________ of bureaucracy and used that as a sort of “measuring stick” to gauge the real organizations he studied

Answer 37

Ideal Type

Question 38

Weber identified a number of ways in which these organizations can lose efficiency and he called these _________ .

Answer 38

dysfunctional elements

Question 39

while work routines made jobs repeatable and with predictable outcomes, the _________ of work tended to make the workers inflexible and short sighted.

Answer 39

routinization

Question 40

routinization = _________

Answer 40

red tape

Question 41

Over time, the “routines” can create another problem. People begin to get “bored” with their jobs. This leads to a problem of _________ in which people stop caring about their work and the quality of the work begins to suffer.

Answer 41

worker alienation

Question 42

A second dysfunction: the _________ in such an organization, makes communication slow and cumbersome

Answer 42

structured communication

Question 43

Japanese companies replace the “silos” with something called “_________” that bring all voices into the original design process.

Answer 43

Quality Circles

Question 44

People work up the ladder until they end up in a job they can't handle. this is called the _________

Answer 44

Peter principle

Question 45

_________ people eventually tend to rise to their level of | incompetence

Answer 45

Peter principle

Question 46

_________ : work will expand to fill the time available for it’s completion

Answer 46

Parkinson’s Law

Question 47

_________ is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of socio-economic status

Answer 47

Stratification

Question 48

Stratification is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of _________

Answer 48

socio-economic status

Question 49

_________ system. In such | a system, people are not allowed to change their position in the social hierarchy

Answer 49

closed or caste

Question 50

In India, the lowest caste are the Harijan or “_________” Though not slaves, they are only allowed to do the most menial and degrading kinds of work

Answer 50

untouchables

Question 51

The _________ concept is basically that where you get to in | the social order is a matter of who you know

Answer 51

interactionist

Question 52

_________ : If you only know poor people, chances are you are never going to be rich. If you only know rich people, chances are you are never going to be poor.

Answer 52

interactionist concept

Question 53

_________ : The greater the status difference is between any two people, the less likely they are to come in contact with each other.

Answer 53

social distance

Question 54

SES = _________

Answer 54

Socio-economical status

Question 55

_________ Theory argues that social stratification happens when one group in a society controls the economic system and manipulates it in their own favor. The “elite” run or control all major aspects of a society

Answer 55

Conflict

Question 56

_________ Theory argues that stratification is necessary as some jobs are more difficult, or more important, and the rewards for doing them must be higher. It also says that we need poor people to take the jobs no one else wants.

Answer 56

Structural

Question 57

_________ Theory, already discussed, argues that stratification is a natural outcome of the patterns of interaction, and the social networks, that exist in a society. The rich associate with the rich, and the poor with the poor

Answer 57

Interaction

Question 58

_________ Theory | is really all about Power

Answer 58

Conflict

Question 59

_________ : Basically says that the leader or leaders of a group only look for their replacements from among people that think and act as they do.

Answer 59

the Iron Law of Oligarchy

Question 60

_________ theory’s: - Doctors have more debt out of school and are on call all the time - Garbage collectors have health hazards

Answer 60

Structural Functional

Question 61

_________ : | Changing social class

Answer 61

Social Mobility

Question 62

This systematic downward mobility is not _________. It is deliberate

Answer 62

accidental

Question 63

_________ : Women make less than men Minorities are convicted more for crimes

Answer 63

Struc tural barriers

Question 64

_________ | stratification” between societies.

Answer 64

Global Stratification

Question 65

_________ refers to the tendency of societies to divide into “strata” or “layers” based on measures of status

Answer 65

stratification