test 1 chapters 3 and 4

Question 1

the image of who you are; consists of your feelings and thoughs about your strengths and weaknesses, your abilities and limitations, and your aspirations and worldview

Answer 1

self-concept

Question 2

represents the extent to which you know yourself, your strengths, and your weaknesses, your thoughts and feelings, and your personality tendencies

Answer 2

self-awareness

Question 3

emphasizes that the several aspects of the self are not separate pieces but are interactive parts of a whole

Answer 3

johari model

Question 4

represents all the info about you-behaviors, attitudes, feelings, desires, motivations, and ideas-that you and others know skin color, sex to age, political and religious affiliations, and financial situations, willing to open yourself up to different people

Answer 4

open self- dealing with johari model

Question 5

represents all the things about you that others know but of which you’re ignorant, distinct body odor, defense mechanisms, fight strategies, rubbing nose when angry

Answer 5

blind self-johari model

Question 6

contains all that you know of yourself that you keep secret

Answer 6

hidden self- johari model

Question 7

represents truths about yourself that neither you not others know

Answer 7

unknown self- Johari model

Question 8

a measure of how valuable you think you are

Answer 8

self esteem

Question 9

refers to your thinking about your strengths and weaknesses, about who you are versus who you would like to be

Answer 9

cognitive self esteem

Question 10

refers to your feelings about yourself in light of your analysis of strengths and weaknesses

Answer 10

affective self esteem

Question 11

refers to verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as your disclosures, your assertiveness, your conflict strategies, your gestures

Answer 11

behavioral self esteem

Question 12

ideas you have about yourself that are unproductive or that make it more difficult for you to achieve your goals

Answer 12

self destructive beliefs

Question 13

refers to the tendency to disregard outward signs of success and to consider yourself an imposter, a fake, a fraud, one who doesnt really deserve to be considered successful

Answer 13

imposter phenomenon

Question 14

simply a statement asserting that something is true; positive statements about yourself, statements asserting that something good or positive is true of you.

Answer 14

affirmation

Question 15

the process by which you become aware of objects, events, and especially people through your senses: sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing

Answer 15

perception

Question 16

a general term that includes selective attention and selective exposure

Answer 16

selective perception

Question 17

you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable

Answer 17

selective attention

Question 18

expose yourself to people or messages that confirm your existing beliefs, contribute to your objectives, or prove satisfying in some way.

Answer 18

selective exposure

Question 19

proximity

Answer 19

physical closeness

Question 20

things that are physically closeness are perceived as belonging together and forming a unit

Answer 20

similarity

Question 21

the opposite of similarity; when items are very different from each other, you can conclude that they dont belong together

Answer 21

contrast

Question 22

mental templates that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day as well as those you already have in memory

Answer 22

schemata

Question 23

an organized body of information about some action, event or procedure

Answer 23

script

Question 24

greatly influenced by your ;experiences; needs; wants; values; beliefs about they way things are or should be; expectations; physical and emotional state and so on; influenced by your rules, schemata, and scripts as well as by your gender

Answer 24

interpretation-evaluation

Question 25

assessing what you have stored in memory

Answer 25

recall

Question 26

sometimes referred to as person perception; consists of a variety of processes that you go through in forming an impression of another person

Answer 26

impression formation

Question 27

is a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true

Answer 27

self fulfilling prophecy

Question 28

example of self-fulfilling prophecy; expected to do well and did do well -- became what their teachers though they were

Answer 28

pygmalion effect

Question 29

a function of personality theory; if you believe a person has positive qualities, you are more likley to infer that she or he also possesses other positive qualities

Answer 29

halo effect

Question 30

if you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you are more likey to infer that the person also has other negative qualities

Answer 30

reverse halo effect

Question 31

leads you to see what you expect or want to see

Answer 31

perceptual accentuation

Question 32

if what comes first exerts the most influence

Answer 32

primacy effect

Question 33

if what comes last or most recent exerts most influence

Answer 33

recency effect

Question 34

the tendency to maintain a balance among perception or attitudes

Answer 34

consistency

Question 35

when you take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative

Answer 35

self serving bias

Question 36

the tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or these two characteristsics

Answer 36

overattribution

Question 37

occurs when you assess someone's behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factors(person's personality) and undervalue the influence of external factors (context or situation the person is in); conclude that people do what they do because thats the kind of people they are, not bc of the situation they are in

Answer 37

fundamental attribution error

Question 38

you evaluate what a person did on the basis of the control you perceive this person to have had on his or her behavior

Answer 38

attribution of control

Question 39

another way to reduce uncertainty and to make your perceptions more accurate

Answer 39

perception checking

Question 40

recognizing and being sensitive to cultural differences

Answer 40

cultural sensitivity

Question 41

has to do with processes you go through to communicate the image of yourself that you want others to have of you; how to communicate to others the image of yourself you want them to see

Answer 41

impression management

Question 42

used to make ourselves appear likeable; to be liked, to be thought of highly to be seen in the right light

Answer 42

politeness strategies and affinity seeking

Question 43

the desire to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably

Answer 43

positive face

Question 44

the desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish

Answer 44

negative face

Question 45

supported by contemporary research; they seek to establish your competence, character, and charisma; to be seen as competent , dynamic

Answer 45

credibility strategies

Question 46

if you were about to tackle a difficult task and were concerned that you might fail; to excuse actual or possible future failure

Answer 46

self-handicapping strategies

Question 47

if you want to be taken care of and protected or simply want someone to come to your aid; to secure help by making yourself seem unable to do task

Answer 47

self-deprecating strategies

Question 48

want to get people to see you as a leader, as someone to be followed in thought perhaps in behavior;be persuasive to be in control, to be followed, to be the leader

Answer 48

influencing strategies

Question 49

you carefully monitor what you say or do; to hide faults, to emphasize the positive and minimize the negative

Answer 49

self-monitoring strategies

Question 50

if you see yourself as the life of the party, you'll tell jokes and try to amuse people; to seek reassurance of ones self-image, to be recognized for who you are

Answer 50

image confirming strategy to confirm self image

Question 51

objective definition

Answer 51

denotation

Question 52

its subjective or emotional meaning

Answer 52

connotation

Question 53

negative face

Answer 53

be autonomous

Question 54

signed; the author of the message is clearly identified, as it is in your textbooks, news related editorials, feature articles and communicating face to face, phone and chat

Answer 54

onymous

Question 55

the author is not identified

Answer 55

anonymous

Question 56

refers to the act of sending messages with the intention of giving another person information you believe to be false

Answer 56

lying

Question 57

to achieve some good; lying

Answer 57

prosocial deception

Question 58

lying to make yourself look good

Answer 58

self-enhancement deception

Question 59

lying to protect yourself

Answer 59

selfish deception

Question 60

lying to harm someone

Answer 60

antisocial deception

Question 61

is a communication pattern in which you ignore a person's presence as well as that person's communications

Answer 61

disconfirmation

Question 62

you disagree with the person; you indicate your unwillingness to accept something the other person says or does

Answer 62

rejecting

Question 63

you not only acknowledge the presence of the other person, but also indicate your acceptance of the person, of this person's definition of self, and of your relationship define or viewed by this other person

Answer 63

confirmation

Question 64

any language that, through a conscious or unconscious attempt by the user, places a particular racial or ethnic group in an inferior position

Answer 64

racist

Question 65

expresses racial attitudes

Answer 65

racial language

Question 66

involves the negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about specific races; assumption that certain races are intellectually inferior to others or that certain races are in capable of certain achievements are clear examples of this

Answer 66

individual racism

Question 67

seen in patterns; de facto school segregation, companies reluctance to hire members of minority groups and banks unwillingness to extend mortgages and business loans to members of some races or tendency to charge higher interest rates

Answer 67

institutionalized racism

Question 68

consists of attitudes, behaviors, and language that disparage gay men and lesbians and includes the belief that all sexual behavior that is not heterosexual is unnatural and deserving of criticism and condemnation; beliefs that gay men or lesbians are more likely to commit crimes than are heterosexuals and to molest children than heterosexuals; gay men and lesbians cannot maintain stable relationships or effectively raise children

Answer 68

individual heterosexism

Question 69

the ban on gay marriage in most states and the fact that at this time only a handful of states allow gay marriage; catholic church ban on gay priests, laws preventing adoption of children by gay men or lesbians

Answer 69

institutional heterosexism

Question 70

includes derogatory terms used for lesbians and gay men

Answer 70

heterosexist language

Question 71

the prejudice against other age groups

Answer 71

ageism

Question 72

the general disrespect many show toward older people and in negative stereotypes about older people

Answer 72

individual ageism

Question 73

seen in mandatory retirement laws and age restrictions in certain occupations

Answer 73

institutional ageism

Question 74

little old lady; old hag, old timer, over the hill

Answer 74

ageist language

Question 75

consists of prejudicial attitudes and beliefs about men and women based on rigid beliefs about gender roles; women caretakers, men are insensitive and only think about sex

Answer 75

individual sexism

Question 76

results from customs and practices that discriminate against people because of their gender; paying women less than men for same job and discrimination against women in upper levels of management; granting child custody to women rather than men

Answer 76

institutional sexism

Question 77

language that puts down someone because of his or her gender

Answer 77

sexist language

Question 78

refers to a tendency to view people, objects, and events in terms of how they're talked about of labeled rather than in terms of how they actually exist

Answer 78

intensional orientation

Question 79

a tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then at the labels; a tendency to be guided by what you see happening rather than by the way something or someone is talked about or labeled; view people or things as they are rather than how they are talked about their labels

Answer 79

extensional orientation

Question 80

when you assume you can say all or have said all that can be said, you are into the pattern of illogical thinking; judge whole based on experience with part

Answer 80

allness

Question 81

when inferences are treated as facts

Answer 81

fact-inference confusion

Question 82

misevaluation; a form of stereotyping ; occurs when you focus on classes of individuals, objects or events and fail to see that each is unique and needs to be looked at individually

Answer 82

indiscrimination

Question 83

is the tendency to look at the world and to describe it in terms of extremes-good or bad, positive or negative, healthy or sick, brillant or stupid, rich or poor

Answer 83

polarization

Question 84

when you retain an evaluation(attitudes and beliefs) of a person, despite the inevitable changes in the person

Answer 84

static evaluation

Question 85

language to talk to and about people of different groups

Answer 85

cultural identifiers

Question 86

recognize that no member in the group is alike

Answer 86

discrimination