Test #1- Evolution and Diversity 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Who thought that evolution was like a hierarchy and things don’t change?
A
Aristotle
2
Q
Who was the first person to challenge Aristotle’s theory?
A
Georges-Louis Learc, comte de Buffon
3
Q
What did Georges-Louis Learc believe?
A
Brought up the idea that humans and apes mught have a common ancestor
4
Q
What is biogeography?
A
The study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities
5
Q
What is the scientific study of similarities and differences in body plans called?
A
Comparative morphology
6
Q
Who developed the science of paleontology?
A
Georges Cuvier
7
Q
What were the finds of Georges Cuvier?
A
He found that each layer of rock, the more out you go, was younger and so the fossils stuck in deeper layers of rocks were older
8
Q
What is Catastrophism and who discovered it?
A
It is a disproven theory about how the earth experienced many destructive natural events in the past and were violent enough to have killed numerous species in a particular region (allows neighboring regions to repopulate the area)
9
Q
What did Charles Lyell believe?
A
Uniformitarianism, that geological processes operated at the same rate in the past as today (flood power in past= flood power now)
10
Q
Who was the first scientist that noticed that the environment affects evolution?
A
Jean Baptiste Lamark
11
Q
What were Jean Baptiste Lamark’s beliefs about the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
A
He thought that there could be changes within an animals life (body parts you didn’t need disappeared) and characteristics that are acquired during an organisms lifetime can be passed onto the offspring
12
Q
What were Thomas Malthus’ beliefs?
A
- Proposed the idea that famine disease and war can limit the size of the population
- If everyone survived, a population cannot involve (must have a limiting factor)
- His theories are still held true today
13
Q
Who did Charles Darwin take inspiration from?
A
Thomas Malthus (he read his essay)
14
Q
What did Charles Darwin notice on his journey?
A
- Individuals of species vary in details of shared traits
- Animals had unique traits that suited their island habitats
- Selective breeding could produce dramatic variations of traits
15
Q
What is natural selection?
A
- If an individual has an adaptive trait that makes it better suited for an environment, it is better able to survive
- Better able to survive, means better chance of producing offspring
- If individuals with the adaptive trait produce more offspring than other individuals, that trait will increase in the population over time
16
Q
Who was credited with the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection?
A
Darwin and Wallace (because Darwin waited too long to publish his findings and had to share)
17
Q
What are the evidences for evolution?
A
Fossils, Biogeography, Anatomy, Embryology and DNA
18
Q
How are fossils evidence for evolution?
A
Fossils found in younger layers of rock are more similar to species alive today than fossils in older layers of rock
19
Q
What are vestigial structures?
A
Structures that are reduced forms of structures that were functional in the organisms ancestors (useful before, but not useful now so not present)
20
Q
What is an example of a human vestigial structure?
A
Human Tailbone is proof that long ago humans ancestors may have had tails
21
Q
What is the evidence of biogeography for evolution?
A
- Geographically closed environments are more likely to be populated by related species that are geographically separate
- Animals found on islands often closely resemble animals found on the closest continent
- Fossils of the same species can be found on the coastline of neighbouring continents (from when they were attached)
22
Q
What is Biogeography?
A
Organisms that live in certain environment
23
Q
What are the 2 evidences of anatomy for evolution?
A
Homologous stuctures and analogous structures
24
Q
What are homologous structures?
A
Structures that have similar structural elements in origin but have different functions (suggest a common ancestor)
25
What are analogous structures?
Structures of organisms that don't have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions (ex. wings, funs and flippers)
26
What is embryology?
The study of early pre-birth stages of an organisms development and can be used to determine evolutionary relationships between animals
27
How does embryology prove evolution?
Can see the similarities between certain organisms as embryos, showing a common ancestor, the earlier in development that the embryos are similar, the closer their common ancestor
28
How does DNA prove evolution?
The more similar the DNA patterns, the closer their common ancestor is
29
What are amino acids?
In DNA to determine the proteins made that determine how closely related 2 species are depending on how similar their sequences are
30
What is the actual name of DNA?
Deoxyribose Nucleus Acid
31
What is the difference between the DNA in a eukaryotic and prokaryotes cell?
In eukaryotic cells the DNA is in the nucleus and in the prokaryotes cell the DNA is floating around the cell
32
What 3 things do all DNA have?
Sugar, Phosphatase and Base
33
What DNA bases always bind together?
T and A bind together
C and G bind together
34
What are the 4 different kinds of DNA bases?
Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine and Guagnine
35
What makes DNA's different from each other?
The order of the bases
36
How does DNA determine characteristics?
Some DNA are instructions to make mRNA which are instructions to make amino acids, chains of amino acids make a protein, proteins make structures, cell membranes, immune system, muscles and enzymes
37
What is a mutation (genetically)?
A change in a letter from DNA which changes the protein
38
What causes mutations?
Exposure to ionizing radiation and chemicals (randomly before birth in sex cells)
39
What causes cancer?
If mutation occurs to a spot in DNA for cell division which has uncontrolled cell division
40
How do mutations affect evolution?
Specific mutations in a population create new alleles that could be better for its survival (but most mutations are useless and don't do anything)
41
What are the kinds of mutations?
- Neutral mutation (mutation that doesn't affect survival or reproduction)
- Lethal mutation (mutation can causes death)
- Beneficial mutation (mutation that gives an organism an advantage)
42
What is an allele?
A type of DNA (of genes)
43
What is a gene pool?
All the alleles of genes in a population
44
What is allele frequency?
The proportion of one allele relative to all copies of the gene in a population
45
What are factors that affect natural selection?
Variation, Limited Survival and Inherited Traits
46
What are structural, functional or physiological differences between organisms?
Variations
47
How are variations created?
Created through random mutations in gametes
48
What is selective pressure?
A condition that can select for or against certain characteristics in individuals (can be biotic or abiotic)
49
Can selective advantage change?
Yes, a change in the environment changes what trait is the advantage
50
What is adaptation?
A structure, behavioral, or physical process that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment that is a general characteristic of an organism (must be of all the species everywhere)
51
What causes adaptation?
Helpful variation = more likely to survive
Survival = more offspring with the same trait
The trait becomes more common in the population
52
What is mimary?
Harmless species resemble harmful species to avoid predators and surroundings (cannot just blend into surroundings, must look like something else)
53
What is fitness?
The number of fertile offspring an individual produces in the next generation (high fitness = many reproductively viable offspring)
54
What are the types of natural selection?
1) Stabilizing selection
2) Directional selection
3) Disruptive selection
55
What is stabilizing selection?
Natural selection that favours intermediate phenotypes (favours average traits over extreme traits)
56
What is directional selection?
Favours the phenotype at one extreme over the other (common during times of environmental change)
57
What is disruptive selection?
Takes place when extremes in a range of phenotypes are favoured over the intermediate phenotype
58
What is sexual selection?
Selection from mating based in general or competition between males and choices made by females
59
What is sexual dimorphism?
The appearance difference between males and females (because females have the choice, they are driven by natural selection)
60
What is the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?
Natural selection is when traits become more or less common based on the individuals ability to survive, but sexual selection is when traits become more or less common based on the individuals ability to mate with food characteristics
61
What is genetic drift?
The change in frequencies of alleles due to change in events in a breeding population (random that certain traits reproduce)
62
How does the size of a population affect the ability of reflection of parent gene pools in future generations?
Smaller population is less likely that the parent gene pool will be reflected in the next generation (gene drift is more likely), bigger population has a bigger change that the parent gene pool will be reflected in future generations
63
What is the founder effect?
A type of genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population (usually when mainland species go to island nearby so only those traits move onto the island for that population)
64
What is the bottleneck effect?
The change in gene distribution that result from a rapid decrease in population size (when the population is driven to the edge of extinction but then only those traits reproduce to form the new population)
65
What in inbreeding?
Mating between close relatives and it can have negative effects on a population with low genetic diversity (share more harmful recessive alleles, so keeps it in the gene pool) (often occurs in a population that has undergone the bottleneck effect)
66
What is gene flow?
The movement of alleles between populations (exchange of genes between 2 populations)
67
What experiment did Gregor Mendel conduct?
Breeding n the common pea plant to see how varieties of the plants traits bred through generations (because they grow quickly and are self-pollinating)
68
What is true breeding?
When plants with the same characteristics are mated together, the offspring will show the same trait
69
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross between 2 different individuals where only one trait is involved (found that when breeding 2 different characteristics, only 1 appears in the next generation)
70
What is the theory of blended inheritance?
The theory that blending 2 extremes should produce a middle (disproven by Mendel's expirement)
71
What is Mendel's first law?
The principle of segregation (2 members of a gene pair separate from each other in the formation of gametes)
72
What are gametes?
Sex cells
73
What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
Dominant is a characteristic that is always expressed but recessive is present but inactive (unless both are recessive)
74
What is the principle of dominance?
When individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant trait
75
What were Mendel's results for the first and second generation?
First generation was all tall pea plants, second generation is 3 tall and 1 short
76
What is the Mandelian Ratio?
The 3:1 ratio of species in Mendel's experiment, now Mendel's factors are genes (parts of the chromosome that governs the expression of a particular trait)
77
What is a punnet square?
A method used to determine the gene ratios of the next generation
78
What is the difference between phenotypes and genotypes?
Phenotypes are the characteristics expressed and genotypes are the gene they have
79
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous is when 2 alleles for the gene are the same (like true breeding) and heterozygous is when 2 alleles for the gene are different
80
How do Punnett squares work?
Each gene is represented by one letter, upper case is dominant and lower case is recessive
81
What are the conditions for genetic equilibrium?
1) Mutations never occur
2) The population is infinitely large
3) The population is isolated from all other populations
4) Mating is random
5) Natural selection doesn't occur
82
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
They realized that under theoretical conditions, allele frequencies in a sexually reproducing population gene pool would remain stable from one generation to the next
83
What is microevolution?
Change in allele frequency and it occurs within a population (short-term genetic changes in a population)
84
What is macroevolution?
Evolutionary change in a more recent species and includes large-scale trends (long-term evolutionary changes resulting in a new species)
85
What is stasis?
Very little change occurring in a lineage
86
What is exaptation?
A trait that has been evolutionary repurposed (a trait evolved to serve a different function)
87
What is adaptive radiation?
When one lineage rapidly diversifies into many (when a new species is introduced into an area and has lots of quick diversifying)
88
What is co-evolution?
The joint evolution of 2 closely interacting species (2 species are dependent on each other and evolve together)
89
What is divergent evolution?
A pattern of evolution where species that were similar to an ancestral species become very different (same ancestor but different because of environmental conditions)
90
What is convergent evolution?
Unrelated ancestral species, but must adapt to have a same trait because of environmental conditions
91
What is speciation?
The formation of a new species from an existing species
92
What are the 2 types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?
Pre and post-zygotic
93
What are the pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms?
- Behavioural
- Habitual
- Temporal
- Mechanical
- Gametic
94
What are pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms?
Something that prevents mating between individuals
95
What is a behavioural isolating mechanism?
Distinct mating rituals that prevents different species from mating
96
What is a habitual isolating mechanism?
Live in different habitats or different areas in the same habitat
97
What is a temporal isolating mechanism?
Mate at different times (ex. day vs. night)
98
What is a mechanical isolating mechanism?
Structural differences in reproductive organs
99
What is a gametic isolating mechanism?
Prevents fertilization at the molecular level
100
What are the kinds of post-zygotic isolating mechanisms?
Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown
101
What is a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?
Prevents zygotes from developing into viable, fertile individuals
102
What is a hybrid inviability isolating mechanism?
The zygote cannot dies during development due to incompatibility of the inbred species
103
What is a hybrid sterility isolating mechanism?
When 2 species mate and produce offspring but the hybrid is sterile due to a reproductive barrier
104
What is a hybrid breakdown isolating mechanism?
The first generation of the hybrid cross are fertile but the next generation are sterile
105
What are the 3 kinds of speciation?
Sympatric, allopatric and parapatric
106
What is sympatric speciation?
Factors such as chromosomal changes (in plants) and non-random mating (in animals) alter gene flow so 2 species that live in the same region isolate themselves from each other
107
What is allopatric speciation?
When 2 populations are isolated by geographical barriers
108
What is parapatric speciation?
When 2 species come into contact across a shared border and become another species only in that little area (hybrids are weaker than others animals)
109
What are Darwin's finches?
- Members of the ancestral species reached one of the island in the Galapagos
- With no other land birds on the island, the ancestral finch species had many unoccupied ecological niches to move into and adapt
- Individual finches were subjected to different types of selective pressures and some may have flown to nearby islands
- As a result, the ancestral species divided into different populations and some fo these evolved into new species
110
What are transitional fossils?
Fossils that show intermediary links between groups of organisms (ex. The first of something)
