Test #2- Evolution and Diversity 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of animals in the ecosystem?
A
- Consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
- Cycle matter through the food chain
2
Q
How are gametes formed?
A
Through meiosis
3
Q
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
A
Difference in what the cell wall is made of and its thickness (gram + has peptidoglycan and gram - doesn’t)
4
Q
What is a monophyletic group?
A
Consists of an ancestor together with all its descendants
5
Q
How does zygotic sexual reproduction work?
A
Haploid organisms creates gametes by giving a cell, then the gamete fuses with other gametes to create a zygote the creates spores (haploids), and then the process restarts
6
Q
What are the characteristics of protists?
A
- Unicellular (most)
- Eukaryotes
- Don’t fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms (so have their own)
- Either Plant-like, Animal-like or Fungi-like
7
Q
What are characteristics of viruses?
A
- Doesn’t have ribosomes or other metabolic machinery
- Can’t make ATP
- Isn’t alive, but can degrade
- Just instructions (useless alone)
- Only enter specific species (can cross the barrier but rarely)
8
Q
What is the difference between animal and plant reproduction?
A
Both mostly do sexual reproduction (some can do asexually) but plants can also reproduce using spores (animals can’t)
9
Q
What are the kinds of domains?
A
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes
10
Q
What is the lysogenic pathway?
A
Happens when a disease keeps coming back (genome isn’t expressed until it is activated and goes into the lytic pathway)
11
Q
What is the theory of endosymbiosis?
A
Theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotes (mitochondria and chloroplasts were only prokaryotes)
12
Q
What are the three kinds of extremophiles?
A
Thermophile, acidophile, and halophile
13
Q
What is a virus?
A
A noncellular infectious part that can only replicate inside a living cell
14
Q
What characterizes fungi imperfecti?
A
No sexual structures, so they cannot reproduce sexually
15
Q
What characterizes animal-like protists?
A
- Consume other organisms for food (prokaryotes or organic waste) (heterotrophs)
- Some are parasites
- Found in water (mobile)
16
Q
What are extremophiles?
A
Archaea that can live in extreme environments
17
Q
How does gametic sexual reproduction work?
A
Diploid organisms create sex ells (haploid), then the sex cells merge (fertilization) and then a new diploid organism is made (baby)
18
Q
What characterizes fungus-like protists?
A
- Heterotrophs, but absorb nutrients from living organisms, dead organisms and waste
- Produce spores to reproduce (like fungi)
- Cell wall is different from fungi
19
Q
What is the phylogenetic species concept?
A
Evolutionary relationships among organisms (based on DNA or human history) (usually from cladograms)
20
Q
What is a gene transfer?
A
Bacteria and Archaea do horizontal gene transfers where they acquire genes (not like inheritance)
21
Q
What are hyphae?
A
The basic structural units that make up the body of a multicellular fungus
22
Q
What is yeast?
A
A type of sac fungi that reproduces using a process called budding (mitosis, but uneven split) or can reproduce sexually if no water or food available
23
Q
What are acidophiles?
A
- Acid lovers
- Habitat in volcanic crater lakes
- pH less than 3 (bacteria die because proteins can’t survive)
- Can survive in pH as low as 0.5
24
Q
What are chemoheterotrophs?
A
Organisms that obtain both energy and carbon from organic molecules (ex. animals)
25
What is a fruiting body?
Fungus you can see above ground (reproducing structure)
26
What are species concepts?
Various definitions of species (scientists unable to define a species)
27
What are ciliates?
Animal-like protists that have hair like projections called cilia that help it move and sweep food into the cell
28
What are the tips and branches on a cladogram?
The descendants of the ancestor
29
How does sporic sexual reproduction work?
Spores are haploid and can just produce another haploid organism which is fertilized to create a diploid organism, and then the diploid organism makes spores through meiosis
30
What are chlamydia's?
Live inside cells of vertebrates and are pathogenic (cause illness)
31
What are two misconceptions about humans' evolution?
1) Humans didn't evolve from chimpanzees, we have the same common ancestor
2) Humans are not more evolved than anyone else, just have different traits
32
What is the biological species concept?
Organisms ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
33
What is a naked virus?
When it doesn't have an envelope and its outermost layer is the protein coat (infect bacteria or plants)
34
What are the ways the bacteriophage replicate?
Through the lytic pathway or the lysogenic pathway
35
What are pili?
Hair like filaments that are used like arms to reach forward and stick to surfaces (or use them as grappling hooks)
36
What are dinoflagellates?
- 2 flagella (right angled)
- Move by spinning through water
- Reproduce quickly under good conditions (results in an algal bloom)
- Plant-like protists because photosynthesis, but also are mobile like animals
37
What are the three hypothetical mechanisms where the first building blocks of life originated from?
1) Lightning field atmospheric reactions
2) Delivery from space
3) Reactions at hydrothermal events
38
39
What is a paraphyletic group?
Includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants
40
What are mycelium?
The bulk of the organism is in this branching network
41
How does the process of gene transfers work?
Transformation: Prokaryotic cell takes DNA from environment and puts it into its genome
Transduction: Bacteriophages move genes between cells (virus picks up host DNA in one cell and introduces it another host cell)
Conjugation: Transfers genes (plasmid) to another bacteria through contact (both end up with functional plasmid)
42
What are cercozoans?
Animal-like protists
ex. Amoeba
- Surface is the cell membrane without a cell wall
- Change shape using their internal cytoskeleton to move and create different forms
- Use pseudopods for feeding (arms that reach out and retract rest of body)
- Animal like because of movement and form of eating
43
What is slime mould?
Fungi-like protist that are tiny slug-like organisms that creep over damp, decaying plant material in forests and fields
44
What is the flagella?
Like a string attached to a bacteria (or archaea) that rotates to move the bacteria
45
What are cyanobacteria?
- Grow as single cells or as filaments of cells (filaments allow the bacteria to survive in conditions by becoming dormant)
- Use noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis and release free oxygen
- Most are aquatic (ones that aren't partner up with fungi to form liches or grow on soil)
- Can be gram + or -
- Releases free O2
46
What are the structural traits of bacteria?
- No nuclear envelope (chromosome in nucleoid)
- Typically a single chromosome and plasmids (DNA that can be removed from bacteria)
- Cell wall (most)
- Ribosomes in cytoplasm
- Asexual reproduction (binary fission)
- Gene exchange among cells
47
What are the characteristics of the fungi kingdom?
1) Heterotrophic (secretes enzymes onto food and absorbs nutrients)
2) Unicellular
3) Cell wall contains chitin
4) Reproduce using spores
5) More closely related to animals than plants
48
What is the morphological species concept?
- Comparing measurements and descriptions of organisms
- Based on physical characteristics looking the same
49
How does the lysogenic pathway work?
Viral DNA is injected into the host's genome
50
How did oxygen increase in the atmosphere?
Cyanobacteria who created oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
51
What is a phylogeny?
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
52
What is a clade?
A group whose members share one or more defining derived characteristics
53
What characterizes plant-like protists?
- Colour pigment in chloroplasts
- Do photosynthesis
- Most common is chlorophyll (so green colour)
54
What are haploid cells?
They only contain one set of chromosomes (half the proper amount) and when fertilized have the proper amount
55
What is a node?
When a lineage splits (speciation) and branches on a phylogeny to become 2 species
56
Why do deadly viruses not last long?
They kill the host and then can't reproduce (kill themselves)
57
What are the advantages of the morphological species concept?
- Simplicity makes it widely used (especially for plants)
- Used for extinct species
- Used for species that reproduce asexually
58
What are diatoms?
- Plant-like protists
- Most diverse and abundant phytoplankton
- Rigid cell walls and outer layer of silica
- Reproduce asexually (mitosis)
- Necessary for ecosystem (serves as source of food for marine organisms)
59
What is a free Viral Particle?
It includes a viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed with a capsid
60
What is binary fission?
Asexual reproduction (Basically cell division for prokaryotes)
61
How did the rise of oxygen affect organisms on Earth?
Oxygen was toxic to some species who lived without it, so only some could survive with it and developed aerobic respiration (also developed ozone later which allowed animals to live on land)
62
How to archaea obtain energy?
Some so photosynthesis, some consume other organisms, some from organic compound and some from methanogenesis (unique to archaea, anaerobic process that produces methane as a byproduct)
63
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that affect bacteria by passing DNA through the tail into the host cell (fibers attach to baseplate and bind to surface of host cells)
64
What is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?
1) Membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to those of living prokaryotes
2) Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than any other ones
3) Organelles reproduce through binary fission
4) Contain circular chromosomes that match modern cyanobacteria
65
What are flagellates?
Animal-like protists
- Have flagella to move around
- Have a hard protective covering over membrane
- Some are parasites
- Some are mutualistic
66
What are euglenoids?
- Have chloroplasts
- Conduct photosynthesis
- Have flagella
- Absorb nutrients
- Autotrophs in light
- Heterotrophs in dark
67
What is a proteobacteria?
- Largest, most diverse bacteria
- Ancestral to mitochondria
- Gram negative
- Move with flagella
- Photosynthetic
68
What is a derived character?
It is present in a group under consideration, but may not be in any of the group's ancestors
69
What is a branched diagram?
A branched diagram that separates at points (each one is a statement on the dichotomous key)
70
What are photoautotrophs?
Photosynthetic organisms (use light, CO2 and water for energy)
71
What are archaea?
Another domain that recently split from bacteria (prokaryotic)
72
What characterizes sac fungi?
They develop small sacs called asci during sexual reproduction (asci bear spores)
73
What is a dichotomous key?
Identification key using comparisons to sort organisms (only 2 options)
74
What is taxonomy?
Branch of biology identifying names and classifying species
75
What are the types of fungal nutrition?
Parasitic: Absorb nutrients from host and lives inside
Predatory: Soil fungi whose mycelia trap prey
Mutualistic: Partnerships where both benefit (plants or protists)
Sparobial: Feeds on dead organisms or organic waste
76
What are the advantages of the phylogenetic species concept?
- Considers information from DNA analysis
- Can be used for extinct species
77
How do you determine if a bacteria is gram positive?
Gram staining is done and if the bacteria stains purple it is + and if pink it is -
78
What characterizes zygospores?
Multicellular and are diploid structures that develop after two haploid hyphae combine and fuse their nuclei together
79
What is binomial nomenclature?
Giving a two-word Latin name to each species (first part is genus and second is species)
80
How are virals classified?
By the shape of their capsid and the type of diseases that they cause
81
How are prokaryotic genes different from eukaryotic genes?
Prokaryotic are circular and eukaryotic are linear
82
What is a lichen?
A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, where the fungus provides water and minerals and the other organism provides food (sugar)
83
What are decomposers?
Organisms that break down dead organic matter into simpler substances and recycle nutrients in exosystems
84
What are the characteristics of LUCA?
- Prokaryotic
- Anaerobic (oxygen was scare so didn't depend on it for survival)
- Live in high-temperature environment with metal ions (obtains energy through metabolism hydrogen)
- Last shared ancestor of all modern life
85
What are the taxonomic classifications?
1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species
86
What is a capsid?
A protein coat that encloses a viral genome or enzymes
87
What are photoheterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain energy from light and organic compounds as a carbon source
88
What are spirochetes?
- Spirals
- Chemoheterotrophic
- Flagella in different location between inner and outer membrane (twist to move)
89
What is a red ride?
Caused by dinoflagellates algal bloom that have toxic and produce red colouring
90
What is the role of plants in the ecosystem?
Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis and are the base of the food chain
91
What characterizes chytrids?
Unicellular, aquatic, spores have flagella and are parasitic
92
What are the disadvantages of the biological species concept?
- Can't be applied in all cases
- Geographical barriers can affect reproduction
- Can't be used for organisms that reproduce asexually or fossil species
93
What are the 5 types of fungal classification?
1) Fungi Imperfecti
2) Chytrids
3) Zygospores
4) Sac Fungi
5) Club Fungi
94
What is the lytic pathway?
Viral genes are exposed immediately (viral replication)
95
What is a thermophile?
- Heat-lovers
- Habitat in deep seas with temperatures over 100C
- Absence of sunlight
- Won't die in heat
- Don't do photosynthesis, so are chemoautotrophic (use organic compounds for energy)
96
What are diploid cells?
Full amount of chromosomes and are made when egg and sperm cell fuse and form a zygote
97
What is the endosymbiont?
The cell that in engulfed by another cell in endosymbiosis
98
What are halophiles?
- Salt lovers
- Habitat in salt lake and inland seas
- Salt kills lots of organisms
- Concentration exceeding 20% salt, only halophiles can survive
99
What are characteristics of all plants?
- Multicellular
- Cell wall
- Autotrophs
- Stationary
- Reproduce through seeds or spores
- Don't have sensory organs
100
What are euglena?
- Type of euglenoid (plant-like protist)
- Light-detecting structure called eyespot
- Light receptor allows them to go towards the light (using flagella)
101
What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
Animal cells are circular and don't have cell walls
Plant cells are rectangular and have cell walls
102
What are characteristics of all animals?
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Mobile
103
What is algae?
Taxonomists don't agree which kingdom they are part of (split between plants and protists depending on colour)
104
What does the root represent in a cladogram?
The ancestral lineage
105
What are the steps in viral replication?
1) Attachment;
- Protein on a viral particle chemically recognizes and locks onto specific receptors at the host cell surface
2) Penetration;
- Either the viral particle or its genetic material crosses the plasma membrane of a host cell and enters the cytoplasm
3) Replication and synthesis;
- Viral DNA and RNA direct the host to make viral nucleic acid and viral proteins
- Tells the cell how to replicate it
4) Assembly;
- Viral components self-assemble as new viral particles
5) Release;
- The new viral particles are released from the cell
- Either happens through cell destruction or regular cell waste release
106
What are the disadvantages of the phylogenetic species concept?
- Evolutionary histories aren't always known
- Don't have DNA from extinct species
107
How does endosymbiosis work?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes and then were engulfed by larger cells (continue to do what they do, but in another cell now) (converts solar energy into molecular energy or convert molecular energy into work)
108
What are chemoautotrophs?
Obtain energy by oxidizing molecules (ex. hydrogen sulfide or methane) and use released energy to build organic compounds from C2 (from inorganic chemical compounds)
109
How do viruses affect species?
Infections decrease the host's ability to survive and reproduce (mess with ecological interactions)
110
What are the disadvantages of the morphological species concept?
- Have to decide how much variation is too much
- Phenotype may reflect environment, not genealogy
- Different scientists may have different opinions
111
What are the advantages of the biological species concept?
Widely used by scientists as easy to tell if they can breed or not
112
What is an enveloped virus?
Consists of a membrane from the cell where the virus formed and can survive longer (infect animals)
113
How does the process of binary fission work?
1) Cell replicated its single chromosome (suspended in cytoplasm)
2) DNA replication begins and is carried out by enzymes in center of cell
3) Chromosome is replicated across cell's midsection
4) Material partitions cell, eventually yielding genetically identical daughter cells
114
What characterizes club fungi?
They have short-living fruiting bodies tat release spores called basidiospores
115
How were multicellular cells created?
Arose from colonies created by dividing individual cells and had instructions for different functions
116
What is LUCA?
The last universal common ancestor (evidence shows that all living organisms descended from this species)
117
What is a polyphyletic group?
It doesn't include a common ancestor to all members of the taxon (species)
118
