Test 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Boolean Operation: AND

Answer 1

Both inputs need to be true to be true (1+1=1, 1+0=0, 0+1=0, 0+0=0)

Question 2

Boolean Operation: OR

Answer 2

Any input is be true to be true (1+1=1, 1+0=1, 0+1=1, 0+0=0)

Question 3

Boolean Operation: XOR

Answer 3

ONLY 1 input is true to be true (1+1=0, 1+0=1, 0+1=1, 0+0=0)

Question 4

Boolean Operation: NOT

Answer 4

Opposite of the input (1=0, 0=1)

Question 5

Boolean Operation: NAND

Answer 5

Perform AND, NOT the output (1+1 = 1 = 0, 1+0 = 0 = 1, 0+1 = 0 = 1, 0+0 = 0 = 1)

Question 6

Boolean Operation: NOR

Answer 6

Perform OR, NOT the output (1+1 = 1 = 0, 1+0 = 1 = 0, 0+1 = 1 = 0, 0+0 = 0 = 1)

Question 7

Two’s Complement

Answer 7

Store negative numbers in binary.

NOT all bits, add 1

10000001 = 01111110 + 1 = 01111111

Question 8

Hex Numbers

Answer 8

Base 16 number system.

Always starts with “0x”

0 => F
0 => 15

Example: 0xEE = 14 + 14*16 = 238

To Binary: 238 in binary = 11101110

Question 9

Bit

Answer 9

Single binary piece of data 1 or 0

Question 10

Boolean Operation

Answer 10

A logic operation to taking two inputs and giving a single signal output

AND, OR, XOR, NOR, NAND

Question 11

Address

Answer 11

A location in memory.

Typically represented in hex.

Question 12

Track

Answer 12

On a hard drive, a continuous line of data stored on the disk

Question 13

Sector

Answer 13

The piewedge!

A single section of data on a track

Question 14

Cylinder

Answer 14

On a hard drive.

The set of all tracks that have the same size in a set of platters

Imagine using a smaller cookie cutter on a stack o pancakes, the line that it makes through all pancakes is the cylinder.

Question 15

Seek Time

Answer 15

The average amount of time it takes for a hard drive to move to a place on the disk

Question 16

Latency Time

Answer 16

The total amount of time it takes for a disk read to occur

Question 17

Transfer Rate

Answer 17

The speed at which data is transmitted from a hard drive

Question 18

ASCII

Answer 18

The old way of encoding characters in binary or hex. Just English is available.

Question 19

Pixel

Answer 19

A single dot of visual data on a screen

Question 20

JPEG

Answer 20

Picture encoding format

Question 21

Unicode

Answer 21

The new way of encoding characters in binary or hex. Many languages supported.

Question 22

Flash memory

Answer 22

Type of mass storage. Non volatile (it doesn’t need an electrical charge to keep the data preserved).

USB-sticks are a common form of flash memory.

Question 23

op-code

Answer 23

Operation Code

Determines the type of instruction to be performed

ADD, SUBTRACT, MOVE, COPY, RIGHT SHIFT, LEFT SHIFT, ROTATE, etc.

Question 24

Machine Language

Answer 24

A set of OP-Codes and their formats that determine the possible instructions a machine (or computer) can execute (VOLE the example in the book is a machine language)

Question 25

Register

Answer 25

A CPU Memory Location used by machine languages for (not to be confused with RAM) calculations.

Question 26

Masking

Answer 26

The process of using binary operations to extract\isolate a specific part of a set of binary data (typically XOR or AND) Example: Get the middle two bytes of the following data: 11111111 Apply AND Mask of 00011000 to get only the two middle bits: 11110111 AND 00011000 = 00010000

Question 27

Bus

Answer 27

The pipe or pathway over which data is transferred between two computer components. Typically has a "bit width" (like 64bit, 128bit, etc.)

Question 28

Pipelining

Answer 28

The practice of running the next instruction through a computer component while the current one is still processing. Imagine a process that takes 4 steps or cycles to complete, and you have 2 instructions to do. The first instruction is fed in and the process starts. At the end of the 1st cycle, the 1st instruction is on the 2nd step. The second instruction is fed in and the process continues. At the end of the 2nd cycle, the 1st instruction is on the 3rd step and the 2nd instruction is one the 2nd step. This continues until both instructions are done, which would take just 5 cycles to complete instead of 8 because the instructions were "pipelined"

Question 29

Clock

Answer 29

The controller of the CPU, sets the pace and rhythm of the CPU. Like a metronome. Measured in hertz or "Hz"

Question 30

RISC

Answer 30

Reduced Instruction Set Computer Has smaller set of instructions that lets it process in less cycles than ones with more instructions.

Question 31

Cache

Answer 31

Type of On-CPU memory that is very fast. Typically has "levels" 1-3. Allows for programs to be stored (cached) locally on the CPU instead of retrieving all instructions from RAM.

Question 32

bps

Answer 32

Bits per second A measure of data rate.

Question 33

multi-core

Answer 33

A type of CPU with multiple processors or cores. Allows multiple instructions to be processed in parallel.

Question 34

bandwidth

Answer 34

The maximum data rate of a given component

Question 35

ROM

Answer 35

Read Only Memory A type of non-volatile memory that cannot be re-written once initially written. Commercial CDs\DVDs\Blu-Rays are considered ROMs.

Question 36

firmware

Answer 36

Embedded ROM of a device. Typically stores the base level functionality of a device. Most consumer electronics have firmware. TVs\Gaming Consoles, etc.

Question 37

User Interface

Answer 37

The input\output of a program that conveys information to a user or takes instructions from them. Examples include: command line, visual (windows, web), audio (voice control like alexa\google assistant)

Question 38

Virtual Memory

Answer 38

Using mass storage as a extension of RAM for when RAM cannot hold any more data.

Question 39

Deadlock

Answer 39

When two or processes are waiting on one another to complete a process or relinquish access to data in order to proceed. Due to the interdependency, none of the processes can proceed and they come a halt.

Question 40

Privilege Levels

Answer 40

Gates access to direct control of data\machine\device control\access. Typically 4 levels Application is the least at Level 3 Kernel is the most at Level 0 Drivers are in between at Levels 1 and 2

Question 41

boot loader

Answer 41

Loads OS into main memory, executes after BIOS performs hardware checks.

Question 42

interrupt

Answer 42

input signal to processor that informs of an urgent event thats need immediate processing. Saves state Executes interrupt handler Resumes execution of previous process

Question 43

multitasking

Answer 43

The ability for an OS to run multiple programs\processes simultaneously.

Question 44

multiprogramming

Answer 44

A rudimentary way for a single core CPU to run two or more programs simultaneously. Typically uses interrupts to constantly process parts the programs one after another.

Question 45

time sharing

Answer 45

virtual multiprogramming approach Multiple users share a single CPUs time as if they are programs themselves.

Question 46

interactive processing

Answer 46

Type of user session where one runs commands or programs directly which are executed immediately. Essentially all end user OS' are interactive (Windows, MacOS, etc.)

Question 47

program counter

Answer 47

A register in a CPU that contains the address (location) of the instruction being executed at the current time.

Question 48

status word

Answer 48

A register that contains the current status of a CPU at any given moment.