Test 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Cloud

Answer 1

A collection of redundant, co-located servers

Can be used for SaaS (Software as a Service), IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service, think AWS).

Question 2

IP Address

Answer 2

Internet Protocol Address

A unique address

Comes in two flavors:

IPv4 (the current standard, 123.123.123.123)
IPv6 (the new standard, FE80:CD00:0000:0CDE:1257:0000:211E:729C)

Question 3

HTML

Answer 3

Hypertext Markup Language

Defines the layout of a webpage.

Question 4

Spam

Answer 4

Unwanted email sent out to a wide audience

Question 5

FTP

Answer 5

File Transfer Protocol

Used to transfer files from a server to client.
Supports a file system hierarchal view.

Question 6

URL

Answer 6

Universal Resource Link

Identifies a single webpage or file or “resource” on the internet. Combines a Host\IP and Path.

Question 7

VoIP

Answer 7

Voice over Internet Protocol

The practice of using the internet to make phone calls instead of traditional wireless and phone line signals.

Question 8

Packet

Answer 8

A single piece of data sent over the internet.

Due to it’s size, it is typically useless on its own, it needs to be collected and joined with many others to form usable data.

Question 9

TCP

Answer 9

Transmission Control Protocol

Connection oriented protocol to send data over the internet. Provides error checking and validation.

Used to send data that needs to be fully composed to be usable such as web pages, files, an emails.

Question 10

UDP

Answer 10

User Datagram Protocol

Connection-less protocol to send data over the internet. Provides no error checking.

Used to send data that does not need to be fully composed to be usable like VoIP, Streaming Audio\Video, etc.

Question 11

Protocol

Answer 11

Data format and Process for sending data.

A protocol defines how the data needs to be sent and the requirements\responsibilities between clients and servers for successful operation.

Question 12

Tier-1 ISP

Answer 12

Internet Service Providers that serve as the “backbone” or lowest level of the internet.

They only transfer data between other ISPs, not end-users.

Question 13

Access ISP

Answer 13

ISPs that provide access to the internet to end users and businesses.

These are, by definition, Tier 2 or 3 ISPs.

Question 14

Domain

Answer 14

A string that defines an Autonomous System.

Part of the full name of a website.

For Example:

.com, .org, .gov, etc.

These are further subdivided by sub-domains

wikipedia.org, amazon.com, etc.

Question 15

Hub

Answer 15

An electronic device that connects other devices together on a network.

Broadcasts signals to all ports, instead of a specific port like a Switch.

OSI Layer 1

Question 16

Switch

Answer 16

An electronic device that connects other devices together on a network.

Broadcasts signals to specific ports, instead of all ports like a Hub.

OSI Layer 2

Question 17

Bridge

Answer 17

An electronic device that creates a single network from multiple networks or network segments.

OSI Layer 1 and 2

Question 18

Router

Answer 18

An electronic device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

Routers perform the “traffic directing” functions on the Internet.

OSI Layer 3

Question 19

Repeater

Answer 19

An electronic device that retransmits signals it receives at a higher power or frequency to extend the range of a signal.

OSI Layer 1

Question 20

Gateway

Answer 20

An electronic device that provides interoperability between networks and contains devices, joining discrete networks together.

Question 21

Ethernet

Answer 21

A family of networking wiring technologies that is the most commonly used wired networking standard.

Question 22

Spoofing

Answer 22

Where a person or program successfully identifies as another by falsifying data, to gain an illegitimate advantage or access.

Question 23

Firewall

Answer 23

A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

Question 24

Search Engine

Answer 24

A software system designed to find and return results of a search query against the public internet.

Question 25

CSMA

Answer 25

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

A protocol that is used to control the flow of data in a transmission media so that packets do not get lost and data integrity is maintained.

Question 26

CSMA CD

Answer 26

Carrier Sense Multiple Access - Collision Detection

A CSMA type\strategy that operates by detecting the occurrence of a collision, instead of attempting to prevent it.

If a collision is detected the transmission is halted and re-transmitted.

Question 27

CSMA CA

Answer 27

Carrier Sense Multiple Access - Collision Avoidance

A CSMA type\strategy that operates by ensuring the medium\channel is not in use before transmitting.

Question 28

Client Server vs Peer to Peer

Answer 28

Two different interprocess communication relationships.

In Client-Server the data is managed exclusively by the server with the client simply given temporary access to view or interact with the data.

In Peer to Peer each process has its own data and responsibilities. In essence, each act as both client and server.

Question 29

Cluster Computing

Answer 29

A method of computing that uses multiple separate computers or nodes to accomplish a single task.

While they may be separate computers, to the client, they typically appear to be a single system.

Example: Most “Super Computers” like IBMs Deep Blue

Question 30

Grid Computing

Answer 30

A method of computing where servers or personal computers run independent tasks and are loosely linked by the Internet or low-speed networks.

Example: Folding at Home or other opt-in research program.

Question 31

Cloud Computing

Answer 31

A method of computing where requests are flow into an abstraction layer and are sent to one of many systems to perform the task. No two requests are guaranteed to be performed on the same node.

Example: AWS Applications

Question 32

DNS

Answer 32

Domain Name Server

Converts the string domain name into an IP address. Allows human readable names to be used for web sites.

DNS converts Google.com into 172.217.12.238

Question 33

Cryptography

Answer 33

The method of using a well defined process to obscure or encode information for the purposes of privacy or obfuscation.

Question 34

Algorithm

Answer 34

A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations.

Question 35

Pseudocode

Answer 35

A loosely written layout of a piece of code.

Typically omits many syntax requirements like brackets, parenthesis, or other symbols and instead uses standard written language.

Question 36

If-Else Statement

Answer 36

A type of conditional statement where a condition is given to test against and explicitly defines what to do if it is true and if it is false.

Example:

if (x > 1) {
  // do something
}
else {
  // do something else
}

Question 37

Stepwise Refinement

Answer 37

The process of developing software by repeatedly providing greater and greater detail in several passes.

Idea => Diagram => Layout => Pseudocode => Code

Question 38

Pre-test Loop

Answer 38

A loop where the exit test happens at before the code contained within the loop is executed.

Question 39

Post-test Loop

Answer 39

A loop where the exit test happens at after the code contained within the loop is executed.

Question 40

Primitive

Answer 40

The most basic of datatypes in a given programming language.

Typically:

String
Boolean
Integer
Float

Question 41

Program

Answer 41

A set of instructions to perform a task

Question 42

Process

Answer 42

A currently running program