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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

unicellular

A

composed of one cell (ex. amoeba)

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2
Q

multicellular

A

composed of many cells that may organize into tissues

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3
Q

organelle

A

specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function and make proteins

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4
Q

list three principles of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made of cells (although they may be uni or mulitcellular)
  2. cells are the basic unit of life (smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all life’s functions)
  3. all cells come from other cells
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5
Q

list the structures that differ between animal and plant cells

A

plant cells- central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
animal cells- centrioles, flagella, lysosomes

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6
Q

describe the roles of proteins, lipids, and carbs in the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

A

protein- transport
lipids- main component of the bilayer (hydrophilic head, hydrophoic tail, selectively permeable)
carbs- structual support

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7
Q

why are ribosomes the most essential organelle in the cell?

A

they make proteins and proteins run your body (they have MANY functions)

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8
Q

what are three organelles that supoort the ribsome in making proteins?

A

rough er
-has ribsomes on its surface
-makes and packages proteins golgi apparatus
-gets vesicles of protein from the er
-processes, sorts, and ships the proteins
vesicles
-transport proteins

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9
Q

what is the most basic unit of life?

A

cells

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10
Q

what are two things that eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. membrane bound organelles
  3. divide/ reproduce by mitosis
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11
Q

how does a prokaryote reproduce?

A

binary fission

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the nucelus?

A

to protect the DNA

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13
Q

list to places ribsomes are found in the cell

A
  1. rough er
  2. floating in the cytoplasm
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14
Q

list one unique thing lysosomes do

A

break down dead stuff (contains enzymes that speed up chemical reactions)

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15
Q

if your body didn’t have vesicles what would happen?

A

proteins wouldn’t be able to move around the cell, so they wouldn’t be able to go to other parts of your body (a lot of things in our bodies wouldn’t work because proteins do so much)

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16
Q

where is DNA found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic- cytoplasm
eukaryotic- nucleus

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17
Q

which organelle helps the cell divide?

A

centrioles

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18
Q

what does the nucleuolus create?

A

RNA wihc makes up ribosomes

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19
Q

which organelle packages and modifies protiens?

A

golgi appartatus

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20
Q

list one main goal of the cell and why it is important

A

to make proteins, because they run your body

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21
Q

which organelle holds the instructions for making proteins?

A

nucleus

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22
Q

which organelle makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

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23
Q

which organelle transports proteins?

A

vesicles

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24
Q

which organelle does photosynthesis?

A

chloropasts

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25
which organelle does cellular respiration?
mitochondria
26
which two organelles are used for movement?
flagella and cillia
27
what does the smooth er do?
makes lipids and detoxifies the cell
28
homeostasis
the need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions (ex. sweating)
29
solute
what gets dissolved (ex. lemonade powder)
30
solvent
does the dissovling (ex. water)
31
solution
uniform mixture of two or more substances (ex. lemonade)
32
concentration
amount of solute dissoved in solvent [ ]
33
dynamic equillibruim (in regards to homeostasis)
maintained; things in your body aren't always the same, but they stay within a range
34
static equillibruim (in regards to homeostasis)
things in your body are always the same, no movement, they don't change at all
35
describe the relationship between response to stimuli and homeostasis
organisms constantly take in stimuli and have to respond to them in order to maintain homeostasis (stimuli- change in enviroment, response- change in organsim as a result)
36
what are positive feedback loops? list two examples
output or product of a system instenstifies the response, ex. human child labor, fruit ripening
37
what are negative feedback loops? give two examples
output or product causes a counter response ot return to a set point, ex. human body temperature, water concentration, blood sugar regulation
38
what is passive transport?
requires no extra energy by cells, molecules move from high concentration to low (down concentration gradient) ex. simple or facilitated diffusion
39
what is active transport?
requires extra energy (ATP) to move materials, molecules move from low to high concentration (against concentration gradient) ex. endocytosis, exocytosis, molecular pumps
40
what is the role of the cell membrane in regulating homeostatis on a cellular level?
-controls movement of things in and out of the cell -selectively permeable or extra picky about what goes in and out
41
what does and does not pass through the cell membrane easily?
does- small molecules, nonpolar, water, neutral, hydrophobic does not- large molecules, polar
42
what is a hypotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
hypotonic- water concentration is higher than cells cytoplasm water concentration, water goes into the cell and the cell swells
42
what is a hypertonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
water concentration is lower than cells cytoplasm water concentration, water goes out of the cell and cell shrivels
43
what is an isotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?
identical water concentration, water goes in and out of the cell at the same rate and the cell stays the same
44
which organelle maintains homeostasis?
cell membrane
45
give an example of how your body maintains homeostasis
thermoregulation- sweating when hot, shivering when cold
46
what kind of molecules get through the membrane by facilitated diffusion? (need a little help)
large, polar molecules
47
what macromolecule helps in facilitated diffusion by acting as a tunnel?
proteins
48
what is osmosis?
the movement of water across the cell membrane
49
which organelle is critical for exocytosis and endocytosis to occur?
vesicles
50
what is endocytosis?
the process by which a cell takes in materials by forming a vesicle around it, active transport
51
what is exocytosis?
the process by which a cell exports materials out of the cell by forming a vesicle around it, active transport
52
what type of molecules are transported by molecular pumps?
ions
53
what type of molecules can't get through the cell membrane easily?
large, charged, polar molecules
54
differentiaion
a process that creats special structures and functions
55
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells
56
cell cycle
a repeated pattern of growth and DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells (2 purposes- growth and repair)
57
chromosome
one long continous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information
58
gene
a section of DNA with the instructions for making a protein
59
sister chromatids
two identical chromatids
60
centromere
region of the condensed chromsomes, where spindle fibers attach
61
telomere
the ends of the DNA molecule
62
cancer
uncontrolled cell diviion, regulation of the cell cycle breaks down, divide much more often than healthy cells
63
metastisize
spreading of disease from one organ to others
64
carcinogens
cancer causing agents; chemicals that cause cancer by mutating DNA
65
order the formation of a human (from sperm and egg to baby)
sperm + egg zygote embryo baby
66
what are specialized cells?
cells that have specific functions and structures that form into tissues and then organs (differentiated)
67
what are stem cells? (in relation to specialized cells)
cells that are not yet differentiated but will be, can differentiate into one or more types of specialized tissue
68
list the levels of organization from cell to organism
1. cell 2. tissue 3. organ 4. organ system 5. organism
69
explain the key roles of checkpoints in regulaing the cell cycle
critical points where "stop" and "go" siganls can regulate the cycles (checks to make sure a specific thing is right)
70
explain the key roles of apoptosis in regulating the cell cycle
programmed cell death, ex. when you are first formed you have webbed fingers but those cells go through apoptosis, if a cell isn't functioning right then instead of making more wrong cells it will die
71
list the phases of the cell cycle
1. interphase 2. mitosis 3. cytokinesis
72
describe interphase
the growth phase of the cell cycle, longest phase
73
list and describe the phases of interphase
1. gap 1 phase (G1)- cell grows and makes proteins 2. synthesis (S)- DNA replication, doubles number of chromosomes 3. gap 2 (G2)- more cell growth and protein synthesis
74
describe mitosis
the division phase of the cell cycle (when one cell becomes two identical daughter cells)
75
list and describe the phases of mitosis
1. prophase- chromosomes condense and are visible 2. metaphase- as sister chromtids, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form out of centrioles, spindle fibers connect to centromeres, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 3. anaphase- sister chromatids seperate by pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes, crhomtids move to opposite ends of the cell 4. telophase- chromsomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again, nuclear membrane reforms around chromsomes and each pole, spindle fibers break down, cytokinesis begins
76
describe cytokinsesis
the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells
77
nwhy is the s phase of mitosis important?
because if the number of chromsomes didn't double then the two cells would both have only 1/2 of the DNA needed
78
explain the cytokinesis in a plant cell vs. an animal cell
plant- a cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually develops animal- cells form a cleavage furrow that pinches into the cell into 2 cells
79
list 3 potential causes of cancer and one example of each
1. biologica factors- age, genetic mutations 2. lifestyle choices- diet, phycial activites 3. exposures to carcinogens- tobacco smoke, asbestos
80
what are two places stem cells can be found?
1. bone marrow 2. embryos
81
what do osteocytes and hepatocytes produce?
osteocytes- bone (tissues) hepatocytes- liver (tissues)
82
which organelle helps the cell divide?
centrioles, forms the spindle fibers
83
what is the cell cycle controlled by?
a chemcial control system (that starts and stops in the cell cycle- proteins, checkpoints, apoptosis, external and interal signals)
84
what are the two types of cell regulation?
external and internal signals
85
what is an internal signal?
if a cell recieves a signal from its own nucleus (to divide)
86
what is a tumor?
a clump of cancerous cells
87
what are malignant cancerous cells?
cells that spread to different organs
88
what are benign cancerous cells?
cells that stay contained in one place

biology (11 decks)

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