test 7- heredity

Question 1

gene

Answer 1

a section of DNA that provides the instructions for many making a protein

Question 2

alleles

Answer 2

different versions of the same gene

Question 3

homologous chromosomes

Answer 3

the matching chromosomes from our mom and dad

Question 4

homozygous

Answer 4

2 of the same (ex. AA or aa)

Question 5

heterozygous

Answer 5

2 different alleles (ex. Aa)

Question 6

dominant

Answer 6

if present, allele will always have that trait expressed/ seen

Question 7

recessive

Answer 7

allele will only have that trait expressed when the dominants allele not present

Question 8

genotype

Answer 8

the actual alleles inherited (ex. genes that code for the flower color such as FF, Ff, or ff)

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

the physical traits/ characteristics seen in an organism (ex. purple flowers)

Question 10

punnett square

Answer 10

a diagram that shows the probability of inheriting trait from parents with certain genes

Question 11

monohybrid cross

Answer 11

a cross between two organisms looking at one trait

Question 12

dihybrid cross

Answer 12

used when finding the possible genotypes of roffspring when considering 2 traits at the same time

Question 13

law of dominance

Answer 13

a dominant (strong) allele will express itself over a recessive (weak) allele

Question 14

law of segregation

Answer 14

when chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete (egg or sperm) will receive only 1 chromosome from each pair)

Question 15

law independent assortment

Answer 15

the assortment of chromosomes for 1 trait doesn’t affect the assortment of chromosomes for another

Question 16

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b was blue and B was brown:
BB

Answer 16

homozygous dominant, brown eyes

Question 17

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b is blue and B is brown:
bb

Answer 17

homosygous recessive, blue eyes

Question 18

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b is blue and B is brown:
Bb

Answer 18

heterosygous, brown eyes

Question 19

how many alleles do you have for one gene?

Answer 19

you have 2 alleles for each gene

Question 20

where do these alleles come from?

Answer 20

1 from mom and 1 from dad

Question 21

list mendels three laws of inheritance

Answer 21

-law of dominance
-law of segregatoin
-law of independent assortment

Question 22

chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 22

genes are located on the chromosomes and the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns

Question 23

incomplete dominance

Answer 23

the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the 2 homozygous phenotypes, niether allele is dominant or recessive

Question 24

codominance

Answer 24

both traits are fully and separatley expressed (ex. blood type- AB is fully A and fully B)

Question 25

multiple alleles

Answer 25

having more than 2 alleles for one gene (ex. alleles for blood type = A, B, and i)

Question 26

polygenic traits

Answer 26

a trait that produced by two or more genes, usually shows a range in phenotype (ex. height, eye color)

Question 27

linked genes

Answer 27

genes that are physically located on the same chromosome will be inherited together

Question 28

epistatsis

Answer 28

when one gene overshadows another gene and blocks the output

Question 29

carrier

Answer 29

a person that has the gee for a trait or diseas but doesn't show it

Question 30

in codominance, what represents the alleles?

Answer 30

two separate letters- ex. A and B

Question 31

in incomplete dominance, what represents the alleles?

Answer 31

same capital letter, one with a prime- ex. H and H'

Question 32

what is a real world example for incomplete dominance?

Answer 32

red and white flowers make pink

Question 33

what is a real world example of codominance?

Answer 33

blood type AB is fully A and fully B

Question 34

what is real world example of multiple alleles?

Answer 34

blood type- alleles of A, B, and i

Question 35

what is a real world example of polygenic inheritance?

Answer 35

height

Question 36

what is a real world example of linked genes?

Answer 36

blonde hair and blue eyes

Question 37

what inheritance pattern is this: two people have 5 kids with a range of personalities.

Answer 37

polygenic inheritance

Question 38

what inheritance pattern is this: a black horse and a white horse make a gray horse.

Answer 38

incomplete dominance

Question 39

what inheritance pattern is this: duchene muscular dystrophy is a disease most common in males.

Answer 39

sex- linked genes

Question 40

what inheritance pattern is this: red hair and freckles are almost always inherited together.

Answer 40

linked genes

Question 41

what inheritance pattern is this: a black horse and a white horse make a spotted horse.

Answer 41

codominance

Question 42

what is the difference between traits inherited on sex chromosomes and traits on autosomes?

Answer 42

sex chromosomes give you your biological sex and sex linked genes while autosomes give you traits that make you who you are and linked genes

Question 43

mutation

Answer 43

any change in DNA (the order of nucleotide bases/ letters)

Question 44

mutagen

Answer 44

chemicals that can cause DNA mutations (ex. radiation)

Question 45

gene mutation

Answer 45

happen during DNA replication and cause a change to the orginal DNA sequence

Question 46

point mutations

Answer 46

substitute 1 nucleotide for another (ex. sickle cell anemia)

Question 47

frameshift mutations

Answer 47

the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide (ATTACC-->ATACC)

Question 48

chromosomal mutation

Answer 48

often happen during meiosis, changing the number or location of genes (ex. Down Syndrome)

Question 49

duplicaton

Answer 49

changes the size of chromosomes and results in multiple copies of a single gene

Question 50

translocation

Answer 50

pieces of non-homolgous chromosomes exchange segments (during crossing over)

Question 51

nondisjunction

Answer 51

chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase, resulting in 1 or 3 chromosomes per cell

Question 52

pedigree

Answer 52

chart used to trace the pheotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry diseases or not

Question 53

is a mutation in a somatic cell or gamete worse or why?

Answer 53

gamete because with a somatice cell it will only affect that cell/ part of the body but with the gamete every cell in the offspring's body will have it

Question 54

is a gene mutation or chromosome mutation worse and why?

Answer 54

a chromosome mutation because there are many genes on one chromosome so it affects more

Question 55

what is an example of a mutagen?

Answer 55

cigarette smoke

Question 56

what is an example of a disorder caused by nondisjunction?

Answer 56

down syndrome

Question 57

what is an example of a disoreder cause by a gene mutation?

Answer 57

cystic fibrosis

Question 58

what is an example of a disorder caused by a chromosomal mutation?

Answer 58

turner's syndrome