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Test 2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Matter

A

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter. Atoms have subatomic particles (electrons neutrons and protons)

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3
Q

Electron

A

Has negative charge, so little mass it doesn’t count. They surround the nucleus

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4
Q

Neutron

A

Mass of 1amu, no charge

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5
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge, 1amu

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6
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that contains one type of atom

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7
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have a charge

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8
Q

Molecule

A

a group of atoms bonded together

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9
Q

What are the four most common elements in living things

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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10
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Ions are atoms that have a charge so an iconic bond is formed when one or more electrons from one atom to another

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11
Q

Cation vs anion

A

Cation is a positive atom when it loses an electron
Anion is when an atom gains an electron so it becomes more negative

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12
Q

Hydrolysis vs dehydration reaction

A

Hydrolysis reaction Is adding water to break apart molecules
Dehydration reaction is taking away water to combine molecules

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13
Q

organic molecules

A

at least (a minimum of) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen together

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14
Q

inorganic molecules

A

don’t have all three (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) together

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15
Q

Biomolecules

A

they’re organic molecules AKA macromolecules, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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16
Q

4 main biomolecules

A

carbohydrates (CHO)
lipids/fats (CHO)
proteins (CHON)
Nucleic acids (CHONP)

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17
Q

functions of carbs

A

carbohydrates: main source of energy in body, broken down for immediate use. They also provide structure in plants, fungi, and some animals.

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18
Q

functions of lipids

A

lipids break down energy for long term energy storage. they provide thermal insulation for some animals, they play structural role in membranes, and they’re important in nerves

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19
Q

Functions of proteins

A
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20
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

taking away water to combine molecules

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21
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

adding water to separate water

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22
Q

H20 molecule

A

Oxygen at top with partial negative, to covalent bonds connecting to 2 hydrogen atoms with slight positive charge.

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23
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

the electrons are attracted to oxygen and hydrogen differently so it can’t be non-polar but it spends more time with the oxygen atom so it’s more negative

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24
Q

How do hydrogen bonds work

A

the negativeness and positiveness of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other so they form bonds. each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds (two oxygen)

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25
special properties of water and why
because water molecules are polar they can form hydrogen bonds which is why high surface tension, high specific temp, adhesion, and cohesion work
26
High specific heat
the amount of heat one gram of a substance has to absorb or lose to change by one degree celsius --> means that water needs a lot of energy for hydrogen bonds to break and turn into gas
27
high surface tension
how difficult or easy it is to break the surface of a liquid. Because of the amount of hydrogen bonds, water has a high surface tension
28
Cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance (water is extremely cohesive because of hydrogen bonds)
29
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances (ie water to leaf) this is when the hydrogen bonds, bond to something else (like molecules on the leaf).
30
Why is ice less dense than water
hydrogen bonds are frozen in ice and they're frozen in a structure separated from each other. However, in liquid they can break and reconnect closely.
31
How does the pH scale work
measurement system to indicate how many positive hydrogen atoms are in a solution --> goes from 0-14. The higher the H+, the lower the pH (more acidic) the lower the H+, the more basic it is-> the higher pH it is
32
Solutions
A uniform mixture of two or more substances
33
Solute:
substance being disolved
34
solvent
substance that is the dissolving agent, substance the solute dissolves in.
35
solution
solute dissolved in solvent ex. ice tea, solute-power solvent-water
36
monomer of carbs
monosacchrides
37
monomers of lipids (structure)
trick question, they don't have. their building blocks are glycerol and fatty acid
38
monomers of proteins (structure)
amino acids
39
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
40
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides--> meaning
mono is the monomer version (simplest) eg. glucose, galactose, fructose disaccharides and polysaccharides are two or more monosaccharides linked together
41
3 categories of lipids
fats, waxes, and oils, steroids, phospholipids
42
saturated fat
saturated is straight, has as many hydrogen atoms as possible (all Cs are taken) these are usually solid at room tempurature bc they stack well
43
unsaturated fat
not straight, has double bonds, liquid at room temp (don't stack well)
44
what are phospholipids
phospholipids are a category of lipids, they have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
45
hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (scared of water) (in two layer membrane they face in) and phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving)
46
structure of an amino acid
carbon in center, hydrogen on top and R (variable) on bottom, Nitrogen to left with two hydrogens and carbon to right with double bond oxygen on top and OH to left of carbon
47
How many amino acids and what bond
there are 20 different types of amino acids and they bond to each other with peptide bonds
48
what factors affect proteins
a diferent pH and temp from what it's ideal causes denaturation
49
primary, secondary, and teriary lquaternary structures
primary is just a chain of amino acids with peptide bonds, secondary is the chain folding in on itself into sheets or helixes, (tertiary is folding pattern with other polypeptide), quaternary is protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain in its final 3d shape
50
mono & poly of nucleic acids (elements)
nucleotides is the monomer form, polymer form are DNA and RNA CHONP
51
function of nucleic acids
store genetic coding
52
Why are enzymes important
Enzymes are important because they speed up the reaction time by lowering the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
53
Characteristics of enzymes
Induced fit model- when a substrate binds and the active sight will slightly change/adjust its shape to “hug” the substrate to produce the products Lock and key model- only a specific substrate can bind to a specific enzyme like a lock and key
54
Synthesis reaction
Building a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (dehydration synthesis)
55
Digestion reaction
Breaking down a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (hydrolysis reaction)
56
Activation energy and symbol
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction Big E small a Ea
57
Factors that affect enzymes
pH and temperate if it’s anywhere that’s not it’s normal it will denature Example: if it’s used to pH in stomach and travels to throat, it will denature bc it has too much or little pH
58
Denaturation
The bonds holding the 3D shape together break causing the protein to break
59
Function of nucleic acids
Code for our traits and store our genetic info
60
Mono and polysaccharides of carbs and their functions
Glycogen is how animals store excess glucose Starch is how plants store excess glucose Cellulose provides structure for plant cell walls

Biology (11 decks)

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