Test 2

Question 1

What is the difference between keystone and dominant species?

Answer 1

Keystone Species: Most influence over an ecosystem. Apex predator or environmental engineer
Dominant Species: Most abundant in an ecosystem

Question 2

True/False: The second law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?

Answer 2

False, the Law of Conservation of Energy states that.

Question 3

Give two examples of crustaceans.

Answer 3

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill, crayfish, and more.

Question 4

What is critical load?

Answer 4

The amount of chemicals that can be added to an ecosystem without damaging it.

Question 5

What are the two major clads of Tetrapods?

Answer 5

Amphibians and Ammonites

Question 6

What type(s) of animals are the oldest?

Answer 6

Sponges and Jellyfish

Question 7

Describe secondary production

Answer 7

This refers to the process by which consumers convert organic matter from primary producers into biomass. Often through consumption and digestion.

Question 8

What two interaction types allow for coexistence despite competition?

Answer 8

Resource partitioning and character displacement

Question 9

T/F Tropic efficiency is how quickly stuff gets consumed.

Answer 9

False.

Trophic efficiency refers to the percentage of energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next level in an ecosystem.

Question 10

Gastropoda has what as a defining characteristic?

Answer 10

Torsion: An unusual feature of gastropods during development is torsion, where the body twists 180 degrees. This twisting places the anus and the gills above the head.

Question 11

What are the nutrient cycles and how are they different?

Answer 11

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are all global cycles, while calcium and phosphorus are local cycles.

Question 12

What is the defining trait of mammals?

Answer 12

Mammary glands

Question 13

What are the 4 main types of symbiosis?

Answer 13

(neutral/negative) - Spite
(positive, negative) - Parasitism
(positive/positive) - Mutualism
(positive/neutral) - Commensalism

Question 14

Describe open versus closed circulatory systems

Answer 14

a closed circulator system uses blood vessels to move blood through the body while an open circulatory system has free-flowing blood into a chamber

Question 15

What is the most diverse type of animal?

Answer 15

Arthropods / insects

Question 16

How does ecological succession affect biodiversity?

Answer 16

Ecological succession makes an environment more suitable for more plants and animals over time. This leads to more variety in life as new species find homes and resources, helping the whole ecosystem become more stable and diverse.

Question 17

What is primary production?

Answer 17

The amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period in an ecosystem

Question 18

What are the three levels of diversity?

Answer 18

Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

Question 19

Define trophic structure and the two types.

Answer 19

The feeding relationships between organisms. Food web and food chain.

Question 20

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 20

The sum of all living things in an area and the abiotic factors they interact with.

Question 21

Explain what a niche is, and what types there are.

Answer 21

A niche is the role an organism plays in an ecosystem. The 2 types of niches are fundamental and realized. A fundamental is the entire role an organism could play. A realized is what role the organism actually plays.

Question 22

What is the difference between predation and herbivory?

Answer 22

Predation is when one consumes and kills another, whereas herbivory is when one species consumes but does not kill another.

Question 23

What are the three physical laws?

Answer 23

First law of conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics
Conservation of mass

Question 24

What is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites, give an example of each.

Answer 24

Endoparasite is when the parasite lives inside of the host, a tapeworm. Ectoparasite is when the parasite lives outside or on the host, a flea or tick.

Question 25

What is trophic efficiency?

Answer 25

The percent of production transferred from on trophic level to the next.

Question 26

What is the energy hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis

Answer 26

Energy hypothesis - only 10% of each level gets carried to the next level in a trophic structure Dynamic Stability hypothesis - changes at low levels can make a food chain less stable as it goes up the levels

Question 27

T or F - Chordata are mostly vertebrates?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the three major classes of Mollusca?

Answer 28

Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda

Question 29

Whats the difference between Community and Ecosystem ecology?

Answer 29

The main difference between the two is ecosystem ecology includes abiotic factors.

Question 30

T/F Primary production the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Explain the characteristics that differentiate the three Mollusca classes: Bivalvia, Gastropod, and Cephalopod. and give examples of each class.

Answer 31

Bivalvia are typically laterally compressed, and their shells are continuous but hinge in a spot that also carries lots of protein. an example of Bivalvia class would be your clams, oysters, and mussels. The Gastropod class is known for its torsion which is twisting of the digestive tract to be u-shape. an example of this would be your snails, and slugs. The Cephalopod class are known for the foot being modified into tentacles or arms and is the more intelligent invertebrates. an example of a Cephalopod would be octopus, squid, and cuttlefish.

Question 32

What is primary succession?

Answer 32

Starts from bare rock surfaces where no soil exists and usually cause by volcanic eruptions.

Question 33

True or false. Eutrophication is when too many nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) enter a body of water, causing excessive algae growth and death of animal life from the lack of oxygen.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What classification are snails, limpets, and slugs under?

Answer 34

Class Gastropoda

Question 35

What are the most intelligent invertebrates?

Answer 35

Cephalopods

Question 36

What is succession? What are the two different types of succession and what geological event happens to cause them?

Answer 36

Succession: The change in a community over time Primary: Starts from bare rock and soil is not intact. Most commonly from a volcanic eruption. Secondary: Soil is intact for new plants to grow. Most commonly after a wildfire.

Question 37

What is a dead zone? Where are dead zones most commonly found?

Answer 37

Dead zones: Am area in a deep body of water where there is not enough/no oxygen to support animal life. Dead zones can be found in the Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi River meets with the Gulf of Mexico.

Question 38

What is the exoskeleton of an Arthropod called? What is it made of?

Answer 38

The exoskeleton is called cuticle, and it is made up of indigestible sugar. (made up of chiton)