Test 3 Flashcards
(41 cards)
What are large polymers called?
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are essential for various biological functions.
What are the main types of lipids and their functions?
Triglycerides - Energy Reserve
Phospholipids - Component of cell membrane, helps move materials across membrane
Waxes - Coating and protection (Waterproofing on leaves)
Steroids - Signaling molecules
Each type of lipid plays a crucial role in cell membranes and metabolism.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
This difference affects the physical properties of fats.
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
Examples include glucose and fructose.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
The four levels of protein structure are:
* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Quaternary
Each level of structure is crucial for the protein’s function.
What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?
Dehydration involves the bonding of two monomers through the loss of a water molecule. Hydrolysis involves breaking polymers through the addition of a water molecule.
These reactions are key in metabolism.
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a specialized macromolecule that speeds up chemical reactions.
What are the four main macromolecules?
The four main macromolecules are:
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids
What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?
A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating subunits called monomers.
A clone is genetically identical to its parent. True or false?
True
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves a single organism passing all of its genes to its offspring. Sexual reproduction involves two parents producing offspring with unique combinations of genes.
What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, and there are 22 pairs. Sex chromosomes determine biological sex (XX or XY).
True or False: Asexual reproduction is when a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. These cells are essentially clones of the parent.
True
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid cells.
What is a diploid cell?
A diploid cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes.
What were the benefits of plants moving to land?
More sunlight, more CO2, and more nutrient-rich soil available on land.
What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?
Vascular plants have complex vascular tissue systems for transporting water and nutrients, while nonvascular plants lack these systems.
What is the difference between nonvascular and seedless vascular plants?
Nonvascular plants are gametophyte-dominant (e.g., mosses), while seedless vascular plants are sporophyte-dominant (e.g., ferns).
What is another name for seedless nonvascular plants?
Bryophytes
What adaptations enabled early plants to survive on land?
Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissues, roots, and reproductive methods.
Why are plants called embryophytes?
They depend on the protection of the mother plant during embryo development.
True or False: Sexual reproduction in plants is limited by water availability.
True
What is pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.
What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?
Gymnosperms produce ‘naked’ seeds, while angiosperms produce seeds inside chambers within flowers.
