Test 2 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
A
supinator
2
Q
Types of exocrine glands
A
Serous- viscous solution
Mucous- mucous solution
Mixed- both viscous and mucous
2
Q
Transverse tubules
A
T-tubules
3
Q
A
stratified squamous non-keratinized
3
Q
Terminal cisternae
A
Widened ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
3
Q
Sarcomere
A
Functional unit of skeletal muscle, sarcomeres are connected in series to make myofibrils. About 10,000 sarcomeres make myofibrils, each sarcomeres contracts shortening length of myofibril.
3
Q
A
neuromuscular junction
4
Q
Describe the structure of dermis
A
• Composed of connective tissue
• Highly vascular
• Contain nerves and sensory receptors
• Located deep to the epidermis
• Has two layers:
– Papillary layer provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermis
– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collagen fibers
surrounding dermal organs
4
Q
A
soleus
5
Q
accessory structures
A
• Hair, nails, & glands in the skin (dermis)
• Hair grows everywhere except areas with thick skin and portions of
the external genitalia
• Hair is formed in organs called follicles
• Hair give added sensory info and protects orifices of the body
(nostrils, ears)
6
Q
A
sternocleidomastoid
7
Q
A
zygomaticus major
9
Q
A
quadratus lumborum
9
Q
A
subscapularis
10
Q
A
tendinous inscriptions
11
Q
A
simple columnar
11
Q
A
coracobrachialis
12
Q
A
cross sec. muscle
13
Q
A
palmar carpal ligament
14
Q
A
simple squamous
15
Q
A
iliacus
16
Q
connective tissue
A
• Epimysium-surrounds the entire muscle
• Perimysium-surrounds fascicles
• Fasicle-a bundle of muscle cells
•Endomysium-surrounds individual muscle cells
• Epimmysium & perimysium are attachment sites for nerves & blood
vessels
16
Q
A
gracilis
17
Q
hair
A
- Types of hairs on the body:
- Vellus hairs-“peach fuzz” over most of the body
- Intermediate hairs-hairs growth stimulated by hormones
- Terminal hairs-hairs on head, eyebrows, eyelashes
- Hair is dead keratinized epithelial cells
18
pectoralis major
20
What are the three factors that determine skin color?
thickness
melenocyte activity
blood supply
21
superior extensor retinaculum
22
Papillary layer
Consists of areolar CT
provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermis
23
dermis hypodermis
23
nervous tissue
24
sartorius
25
thick skin vs. thin skin
• Thick skin has 5 layers in the epidermis-includes the
stratum lucidum, plantar/palmar
• Thick skin has a thicker stratum corneum
26
functions of integument
• Protection from the environment-the skin is the superficial surface
of the body
• Thermoregulation-secretions from sweat glands in the skin cool the
body down
• Storage of lipids-adipose tissue (fat)
• Vitamin D synthesis-stimulates bone growth
• Provides sensory info-sensory receptors located in the skin
27
hypodermis
* Loose CT, adipose cells
* Different regional distributions of adipose in males and females
* Stabilizes position of organs
* Maintain temperature
* Energy reserve
* Cushion
28
gluteus maximus
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dorsal carpal ligament
29
extensor hallucis longus
30
layers of epidermis
```
Stratum basale (germinativum)-attached to
basement membrane, contains stem cells & melanocytes
```
Stratum spinosum-, stem cells develop into keratinocytes,
melanocytes
Stratum granulosum-keratinization begins, adding membrane
proteins, cells thin, organelles die
Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin (palmar & plantar regions),
very thin cells
Stratum corneum-at surface of skin
Layers of dead interlocking keratinocytes
Contains large amount of keratin
Makes a dry water resistant layer
30
pronator teres
31
adductor longus
32
trapezius
35
transitional epithelium
36
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
37
sweat glands
• Apocrine-in the axillary, areolae & inguen regions
• Secretes into hair
• Merocrine (AKA eccrine)– Secrete onto skin
– Smaller and more superficial than apocrine glands
• Mammary glands-modified apocrine glands that release breast milk
• Cerumious glands-modified apocrine glands that release cerumen
(ear wax)
37
adductor magnus
38
extensor retinaculum
39
flexor retinaculum
39
quadriceps tendon/ patellar ligament
40
dermis
– Papillary layer- areolar CT
• Pacinian corpuscle-sensory receptors for soft touch
– Reticular layer- dense irregular CT
• Sebaceous glands- oily secretions
• Eccrine sweat glands-watery secretions
• Apocrine sweat glands- smelly secretions
41
flexor carpi ulnaris
42
rhomboid muscle group
42
thoracolumbar fascia
43
extenstor carpi raidalis
longus-proximal, medial
brevis-distal, lateral
44
sebaceous glands
* Branch off of hair follicles
* Release oily secretion on to hair
45
rectus femoris
46
extensor digitorum
48
thick epidermis
49
triceps brachii
lateral head- lateral
long head- medial
medial head- deep
49
vastus medialis
50
Mechanisms of exocrine
Merocrine-secretion released through exocytosis
Apocrine- secretion released when cells are shed
Holocrine- secretion released when membrane ruptures
50
tibialis anterior
51
external abdominal oblique
52
supraspinatus
53
extensor carpi ulnaris
55
Layering of epithelial cells
Simple- 1 layer. All contact basement membrane
Stratified- 2+ layers
Pseudostratified- 1 layer. Irregular shape
56
orbicularis oculi
56
psoas major
57
cardiac muscle
58
Tendons & aponeuroses
* Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle
* Aponeuroses-a wide flat tendon
59
deltoid
60
erector spinae group
spinalis- medial
longissimus- intermediate
ilicostalis- lateral
61
flexor carpi radialis
62
Motor unit
All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron, can range from 2-2,000 muscle fibers per motor unit
63
sliding filament theory
when a skeletal muscle contracts:
* I-band gets shorter
* Z-lines move closer together
* myofilaments (actin and myosin) stay the same length
* two myofilaments move alongside each other
64
gastrocnemius
65
stratified squamous keratinized
65
Thin filaments
• Contains actin, tropomyosin, and troponin • Tropomyosin blocks the active site on actin • Troponin holds tropomyosin in place • Calcium binds to troponin causing dissociation of the troponin- tropomyosin complex Thick filament • Contain bundles of myosin molecules • The tail of myosin is attached to the center of the sarcomere, M-line • The head of myosin attaches to actin if Ca is present in the sarcoplasm
66
temporalis
67
vastus intermedius
69
rectus sheath
71
rectus muscle
72
palmaris longus
73
diaphragm
74
calcaneal tendon
76
organization of muscle fibers
* Muscle fascicles are organized six different ways:
* Parallel-parallel to the long axis of the muscle
•Convergent-converge from a
wide area to a small area
•Circular-concentrically
arranged around a opening
•Unipennate-at an angle on o
ne side of the tendon
•Bipennate- at an angle on both sides of the tendon
•Multipennate-converge from a wide
area to a small area. The
tendon branches with muscle
77
orbicularis oris
79
brachioradialis
80
piriformis
81
oblique muscle
82
muscular tissue
Muscle tissue is contractile and produce force
Three types:
Skeletal muscle-muscles attached to the skeleton,
voluntary control by nervous sys.
Cardiac muscle-heart, involuntary control
Smooth muscle-blood vessels, hollow organs (urinary
bladder, uterus), iris, involuntary control
84
lines of cleavage
• Collagen & elastic fibers are arranged in parallel bundles in the skin
• Incisions parallel to the lines of cleavage heal faster than incisions
at a right angle to the line of cleavage
85
hypodermis
– Adipose CT
– Pacinian corpuscles-sensory receptors for deep pressure
86
skeletal muscle
moves the skeleton by pulling on the tendons that
are connected to the bones
Function of skeletal muscle
• Locomotion
• Maintain posture
• Support of soft tissues
• Regulation of orifices
• Maintain body temperature
87
nails
• Protect distal ends of finger & toes
• Stratum corneum forms the hyponychium and eponychium
• Blood vessels give the pink color
Layers of the integument-review
• Epidermis-stratified squamous epithelial tissue
– Stratum corneum-thicker in thick skin-palmar/plantar
– Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin
– Stratum granulosum-contains keratin & melanin & keratinization begins
– Stratum spinosum-contains melanin
– Stratum basale (germinativum)-contain melanocytes-melanin
88
masseter
89
teres minor
90
gluteus medius
92
latissimus dorsi
94
rectus abdominus
95
pectineus
97
epidermis dermis
98
exercise and muscle hypertrophy
•Exercise causes skeletal muscles to develop more
myofilaments per sarcomere
•Hypertrophy of each muscle cell
makes the entire muscle larger
•Increased concentrations of mitochondria & glycolytic enzymes
101
origins/ insertions/ actions of muscles
•Origins & insertions-the point on
the skeleton where the tendon of a
muscle attaches to the skeleton
•Origin-proximal to the
insertion (appendages)
•Actions-sarcomeres contract to
pull the insertion closer to
the origin
–
Move the skeleton (flexion, elevation, etc)
102
brachialis
103
types of muscle
Cardiac muscle-pumps blood through the heart
Smooth muscle-various functions in many diverse organs (arrector
pilli muscle, iris, uterus, stomach, ductus deferens)
Skeletal muscle-moves the skeleton by pulling on the tendons that
are connected to the bones
104
infraspinatus
105
Properties of epithelial tissues
Cellularity- cells are closely bound by cell junctions making a wide sheet
Attachment- the deepest layer is attached to basement membrane
Polarity- opposite ends have distinct features and functions
Avascularity- lacking blood vessels
Regeneration- damaged tissue is regrown
106
Epithelial cell shapes
Squamous- flat, irregular
Cuboidal- cube-shaped
Columnar- tall, thin
107
linea alba
108
reticular layer
– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collagen fibers surrounding
dermal organs
– Wrinkles and stretch marks arise from degradation of the
reticular layer
109
serratus anterior
110
Epithelial tissue
Sheets of cells that cover exposed surfaces, line body cavities, ducts, and vessels.
110
simple cuboidal
111
semimembranosus
112
sebaceous gland
113
internal abdominal oblique
114
biceps brachii
long head- lateral
short head- medial
115
smooth muscle
116
iliotibial tract
117
extensor digitorum longus
118
axillary skin sweat glands
119
skeletal muscle
120
tensor fasciae latae
122
Describe the action potential of a motor neuron
Motor neuron release neurotransmitter Ach Changes in sarcolemma permeability to ions Generation of electrical impulse called and action potential
124
transverse abdominis
126
intercostals
exterior- lateral, superficial
interior- medial, deep
127
pectoralis minor
128
inferior extensor retinaculum
129
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Storage of calcium ions (Ca 2+)
130
semitendinosus
131
biceps femoris
132
Muscle fiber microanatomy
• Sarcolemma-plasma membrane of muscle cells • Sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of muscle fibers • Skeletal muscle fibers have multiple nuclei – fusion of multiple myoblasts
133
Myofibrils
Bundles of microfilaments Actin: thin filaments Myosin: thick filaments
134
fibularis longus
