Test #2 Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
Fruit occurs in mostly what type of plants
A
angiosperms
2
Q
what is pericarp?
A
The ovary wall that becomes the fruit wall.
3
Q
What is parthenocarpic?
A
Fruit that is formed from an unfertilized but mature ovary.
4
Q
Name two examples of a parthenocarpic
A
banana
pineapple
5
Q
What is an accessory flower?
A
fertilized or not with the presence of flower parts.
6
Q
What are the three types of fruit possibilities
A
It is a fertilized, unfertilized and either/or has flower parts.
7
Q
What are the three parts of seed structures?
A
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
8
Q
What are the two categories of fruits based on the pericarp?
A
Fleshy fruits
Dry fruits
9
Q
what are the 4 types of fruits that are derived from a single flower with one ovary resulting in one fruit?
A
- berry
- drupe
- pome
- pepo
10
Q
Berry developed from what type of ovary?
A
either superior or inferior.
11
Q
what are some examples of the fruit type berry?
A
Guava, kiwi, cranberry, tomato, blueberry.
12
Q
describe the fruit berry based on the layers:
A
The exocarp is thin, both the mesocarp and endocarp are fused and fleshy. seeds are numbers.
13
Q
Describe the fruit plant drupe based on the fleshy layers:
A
Has a pit on the inside. Exocarp is relatively thin, and the mesocarp is either fleshy or fibrous. The endocarp is stony and encloses a single seed.
14
Q
Examples of the fleshy fruit Drupe:
A
Cherry, Olive, Coconut, Peach and mango
15
Q
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pome:
A
The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit. the exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is fleshy, and the endo carp is thin.
16
Q
Examples of the fleshy fruit pepo is:
A
squashes, melons; watermelon, pumpkin etc
17
Q
Examples of the fleshy fruit pome is:
A
apple,pear, quince, etc.
18
Q
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pepo:
A
The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit, making it an accessory fruit.
The exocarp is thick and forms a hard rhind, the mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy and the seeds are numerous.
19
Q
Most common ovary position for the berry
A
both.
superior or inferior
20
Q
most common ovary position for the drupe
A
both.
superior or inferior
21
Q
most common ovary position for the pome
A
semi-inferior
22
Q
most common ovary position for the pepo
A
inferior
23
Q
most common ovary position for the hesperidium
A
superior
24
Q
What is the fruit type for a single flower with many ovaries
A
aggregate fruit
25
What flower type is is derived from many flowers in an inflorescence?
multiple fruits
26
Define a fleshy fruit
The entire pericarp or any one or more of the three layers remain fleshy, resulting in a fleshy fruit.
27
Define a dry fruit
The entire paricarp is dry at the time of maturity.
28
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit hesperidium:
The exocarp is leathery, the mesocarp is spongy (usually white) and the endocarp is thin, with juice filled hairs.
29
Give an example of a hesperidium:
Oranges, grapefruits, any citrus type fruit.
30
What is an aggregate fruit?
A conglomeration of several individual units made of berries, dupes, or achenes that make up one single fruit.
31
What type of ovaries are most aggregate fruits from?
Superior ovaries.
32
What is multiple fruit?
a single fruit but formed as a result of the union of the mature ovaries, the surrounding flower parts, the receptacle, and the and the central axis of the inflorescence.
33
What type of ovaries are most multiple fruits from?
The position of the ovary is not critical. both are present (~equally)
34
What are are the two types of dry fruit?
1. Dry, dehiscent fruit
| 2. Dry,indehiscent fruit
35
What are dry, dehiscent fruits?
fruits in which the pericarp will split open to release the seeds for dispersal.
36
What are some types of dry dehiscent fruits?
1. legume
2. follicle
3. capsule
4. silique
37
What is the characteristic(s) of a legume?
At maturity, the fruits split open in two sutures, dorsal and ventral.
38
What is are examples of a legume dry, dehiscent fruit?
beans, peas and peanuts.
39
What is the characteristic(s) of a follicle?
At maturity, the fruits split along one suture.
40
What is an example of a follicle dry, dehiscent fruit?
milkweed
41
What is an example of a capsule dry, dehiscent fruit?
okra, poppy, vanilla
42
What is the characteristic(s) of a capsule?
At maturity the fruit splits open in more than two sutures.
43
What is the most abundant dry, dehiscent fruit?
capsule.
44
What is the characteristic(s) of a silique?
At maturity, it splits open in two sutures, except that the seeds attach in a partition called replum.
45
What is an example of a silique dry, dehiscent fruit?
most members of mustard family.
46
What are some types of dry indehiscent fruits?
1. achene
2. caryopsis or grain
3. nut
4. samara
5. schizocarp
47
What are dry, indehiscent fruits?
The pericarp will not split open but moves along with seeds during dispersal.
48
What is the characteristic(s) of a achene?
A single-seeded fruit with a dry, loose pericarp.
49
What is the characteristic(s) of a caryopsis or grain?
A single-seeded fruit with the pericarp firmly fused with the seed coat.
50
What is the characteristic(s) of a nut?
A single-seeded fruit with the entire pericarp forming a hard, stony loose layer surrounding the seed.
51
What is the characteristic(s) of a samara?
a modified achene, pericarp developed into a wing.
52
What is the characteristic(s) of a schizocarp?
composed of two units, each with its own single seed called a mericarp, which separate easily from each other in the middle.
53
What are the four subfamilies of the roasaceae family?
1. maloideae
2. amygdaloideae
3. rosoideae
4. spiraeoideae
54
What does the family maloideae include?
pome fruits like apple and pear.
55
What does the family amygdaloideae include?
stone fruits like peaches and cherries
56
What does the family rosoideae include?
aggregate fruits like strawberry and rose hip
57
What does the family spiraeoideae include?
fruits that are dry and inedible like bridal wreath.
58
Apple name
Malus pumila
59
pear name
Pyrus communis
60
Quince name
Cydonia oblonga
61
peach name
Prunus persica
62
Plum name
Prunus domestica
63
Apricot name
Prunus armeniaca
64
sweet cherry name
Prunus avium
65
sour cherry name
Prunus cerasus
66
What are some exceptions that fall into one or more of the fruit categories? (shared in class)
pomegranate
kiwi
avacado
banana
67
The gritty texture of a pear is due (in part) to what?
Stone cells
68
what fruit is often mistaken for pears except they have sweeter aromatic flesh?
Quinces
69
Stone fruits are in which subfamily?
amygdaloideae
70
What is a stone fruit
A fruit that has a hard endocarp (stone) enclosing a single seed called a "pit" exist in all members of this subfamily.
71
What are some examples of fruit within the stone fruit?
```
peaches
nectarines
apricots
plums
cherries
```
72
what is the third most important fruit crop in the United States?
Peaches
73
What is an example of multiple fruit?
pineapple.
74
Give examples of aggregate fruit
strawberry
| blackberry
75
what is another word for grain?
caryopsis
76
tomato name
soanum lycopersicum
77
What does the cucurbit family consist of?
```
zucchini
cucumber
bottle gourd
chayote
squash
luffa
bitter melon
```
78
What vegetable is used in south america (peru) as a cup for chicha?
Bottle gourd
79
What layer of skin is used for the cup that issued to drink chicha?
exocarp
80
What type of fruit(s) have a white spongey mesocarp?
citrus fruits
81
cucumbers belong to the same genus as what?
cantelope
82
What summer squash if not picked in time gets a thick and hard skin?
zucchini
83
what are some types of berries?
pepper
eggplant
tomatillo
84
What part of the coconut do we eat?
endosperm
85
Fermented beverages called toddy or arak are made from what?
Coconuts
86
Give an example of some nuts from the endocarp of a drupe:
Almonds
| pistachios
87
What are some drupaceous nuts?
Walnuts
| pecans
88
What are some real nuts?
macadamia
cashew
hazelnut
Chestnuts
89
Where are macadamia nuts originally from?
Australia
90
What is kaju?
An important dish in india made with cashews in it.
91
What is another name for hazelnut?
filbert
| cob nut
92
Whats another name for okra?
"ladys finger"
| malvaceae
93
What are the two names in which okra is used in indian cooking
bhindi
| vendi
94
What did aztec indians call the the avocado tree?
testicle tree
95
What is the avocado "capital" in the world?
California
96
Which fruit has up to 30% oil in the fleshy part, which is a mono saturated fat and helps promote heart health?
Avocado
| olives also have the same amount of oil.
97
Where is the oil from an olive found?
mesocarp
98
What is oleuropein?
A compound in an olive that causes it to have a bitter taste.
99
What is lycopene and where is it found?
Lycopene is an antioxidant, carotinoid and found in tomatoes.
100
who are the two men mentioned in class that were mentioned to have to do with tomatoes?
1. colonel robert johnson
| 2. john nix
101
What is the "king of all fruits"
Durian
102
What fruit is also known as the "Seed of the sun"?
Apricots
103
Kiwis have a protein degrading enzyme, used in meat tenderizers called?
actinidin
104
Which fruit is a pseudo-berry that is formed from an inferior ovary?
Banana
105
What awesome super fruits?
pomegranates
guava
blueberries
cranberries
106
Why is blackberry an aggregate fruit instead of a multiple fruit?
because blackberries are from a single flower with many separate ovaries resulting in one fruit, not multiple flowers.
107
What fruits do we only eat the aril?
pomegranate
| passion fruit
108
Botanically speaking, the strawberry is a(n)
aggregate fruit of many achenes.
109
Which south american fruit remained ill-famed in europe and united states for a long time in history
tomato
110
A true nut that also gives us an accessory fruit is?
cashew
111
Guava is what kind of fruit?
Berry
112
Mango is what kind of fruit?
Drupe
113
In hunza, a kingdom in the himalayas, what fruit is an important part of the diet?
apriocot
114
Amygdalin is present in the pits of which fruits?
Almond
peach
cherry
115
Acyanide precurser compound exists in all stone fruits of the rose family
true
116
Citrus fruits are an important part of the American diet because their native origin is north America
false
117
People believed that walnuts had the ability to ward off spirits
true
118
Chayote is a single seeded squash
true
119
Guava fruits have more vitamin C than citrus does
true
120
The avocado is rich is saturated fatty acids making it a good choice for a healthy diet
False
121
Wild figs undergo a unique pollination mechanism
true
122
Purple color and larger size distinguish kalamato olives that are popular in the unites states
true
123
Brazil nuts are the endocarp of a capsule
false
124
Most north american chestnuts are from the species native to North America
false
125
What are legumes?
dry dehiscent fruit pods of a dicotyledon family, fabaceae
126
What are the subfamilies of fabaceae?
Faboideae
caesalpinioideae
mimosoideae
127
Faboideae includes:
herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees.
128
What is the faboideae's distinguishing feature(s)?
The composition of the leaves in pinnate or trifoliate fashion and flowers that are butterfly shaped and zygomorphic.
129
What are lentils?
pulses derived from several varieties of a legume plant, Lens culinaris, native to the near east.
130
Describe the lentil seeds:
seeds are usually sold as lens-shaped individual pieces, each one is a cotyledon.
131
What is the name of an indian dish that is made with lentils?
Dhal
132
Peanut is also known as what?
ground nut
| goober
133
Where is the peanut native to?
peru
134
What is the major grower of the peanut?
China
135
What is a peanut gynophore?
An ovary stalk that elongates after fertilization and grows towards the ground
136
What are the two common types of peanuts?
spanish type and virginia type
137
What is the difference between the virginia type peanut and the spanish type?
the spanish peanut has only two spots for the seeds in the peanut and has higher oil.
The virginia type has larger seeds and less oil
138
What did george washington carver do?
he gave many reasons why and how to use peanuts
139
What is a soybean?
A twining or prostate plant
140
What is soybean known as?
"cinderella crop"
| "cow without bones"
141
Which country is the number one supplier of the soybean?
The USA
142
TVP comes from what plant?
Soybeans
143
What is Trypsin?
An enzyme that interferes with the digestion of other proteins.
144
What is a tamarind?
A tall, spreading tree with long, brown pods that hang in clusters.
145
What is the origin of the tamarind?
India
146
How is this legume different from the others?
It has a fleshy, brown, tart, and sometimes sweet sticky pulp surrounding the seeds.
147
What is a Carob?
much like the tamarind
148
What is the origin of the Carob?
The mediterranean
149
What is also unique about this legume?
The mesocarp is sweet and can be eaten raw.
150
What term of measurement came from the seeds of the Carob?
"carat"
151
What is the king of forge legumes?
Alfalfa
152
The "bran" of grains consists of what?
seed coat and fruit wall.
153
A "culm" I'm what?
Hallow internodes of a monocot
154
When you are eating white bread made from refined flour, what part of the grain are you mostly eating?
endosperm
155
"corn silk" is what part of the corn plant?
Style part of female flowers
156
Beriberi, a nerve inflammation, is common among people who eat mostly ----- as a staple food without the addition of other nutrients in their diet.
white rice
157
Peanuts are from where?
South America
158
Sorghum is from where?
Africa
159
This city/state boasts its production of peanuts that it has a peanut statue.
Durant, Oklahoma
160
Why did a St. Louis physician (first) prepare "peanut butter"?
For patients who had difficulty chewing regular food.
161
What genus is kidney bean and string beans in?
Phaseolus
162
Fabaceae is a large family further subdivide based on the fruit type.
FALSE
| Based on the flower type
163
Wheat is food for billions.
FALSE
| Rice is the food for billions
164
"Paddy" may refer to rice raised in wetlands with standing water.
TRUE
165
The activity of removing the grains from the bracts is lodging.
FALSE
166
"wild rice" belongs to the same genus as the long grain rice.
FALSE
167
Triticale is the hybrid between wheat and rye.
TRUE
168
Dhal is an Indian name that refers to the dry seed of a legume.
TRUE
169
Golden rice is a genetically modified rice
TRUE
170
Oats were secondary crops meaning they were second in nutrition compared to wheat.
FALSE
171
Sugarcane plants use sett for vegetative propagation.
True
172
What is the second most popular beverage?
tea
173
What is the name of the tea shrub?
Camellia sinensis
174
What is the family that tea is in?
Theaceae
175
Where is tea native to?
The foothills of the himalayas
176
Who were the two people responsible for the start of tea spreading?
the dutch and mainly the british
177
Tea was richly spread around by the 17th century in which country?
England
178
Describe white tea:
The mildest of teas.
The tip of certain cultivars dried fast to retain their silvery white color. Has less caffeine but more nutrients because of minimal processing.
179
Describe black tea:
Leaves are oxidized and yield a dark beverage with a stronger flavor and more caffeine .
Withering process and firing process occurs.
leaves go through a fermentation process
180
Describe Green tea:
undergo a minimal oxidation process and yield a green beverage.
green tea leaves are not fermented like the black tea leaves.
181
Describe Oolong tea:
prepared from a semi oxidized (semi-fermented) greenish brown leaves.
requires great skill.
182
What doe oolong mean?
Black dragon
183
What is brassica tea?
SGS was added.
| this tea is to combine the beneficial effects of broccoli and tea.
184
Iced tea
Richard Blechynden first introduced it to the American public at a St. Louis world fair in 1904.
185
What happened in the 1650"s?
Tea was introduced to the new world.
186
What are tea bags made of?
Most are plant based, usually from banana fibers called cabaca fibers
187
What became more popular in the 1940"s?
Instant coffee
188
India is the largest tea producing country in the world.
TRUE
189
What is the "champagne of tea"?
Darjeeling
190
Tea contains about how much caffeine compared to coffee
about 1/2
191
How many cups of tea a day should one have for optimum health benefits?
4
192
Coffee is native to which country?
Ethiopa
193
Who first discovered coffee?
Goathearders
194
What is a pea berry?
A single seeded coffee bean.
195
Which coffee has the highest caffeine content?
Coffea arabica
196
What are "penny Universities"?
Coffee houses
197
What is wet processing?
method that yields superior or mild coffee.
198
What is dry processing?
Method that yields natural or hard coffee
199
ICO stands for what?
International Coffee Organization
200
What determines the fine aroma and flavor of coffee?
The roasting method
201
What is decaffeination?
It is the process of removing the alkaloid caffeine from the unroasted coffee beans.
202
What is an espresso?
concentrated form of coffee consumed plain or as an ingredient in cappuccinos, lattes, etc.
203
What is an Americano?
Espresso poured into hot water
204
What is a cappuccino?
The combination of equal parts (1/3) of espresso, steamed milk and milk froth.
205
What is a latte?
An espresso mixed with plenty of milk.
206
What is a mocha latte?
An espresso mixed with hot cocoa
207
Who was the first to brew coffee?
The Arabs.
208
Who declared coffee to be a christian beverage in the 17th century?
Pope Clement VIII
209
Who were the first to cultivate coffee commercially in Asia?
Dutch
210
Who leads the world in the production of coffee?
Brazil
211
Who is the leading importer in the world?
The USA
212
What was the first "instant coffee" like?
Paste
213
Which coffee taste "the best"
High mountain coffee
214
What was probably the first drink made from coffee?
A fermented alcoholic drink
215
What are chocolate "beans"
the seeds from the cacao tree
216
How was coffee first used?
As a beverage
217
Describe the beverage Asi
From the family Aquifoliaceae, the parts used to make this drink is the leaves and native to SE USA.
218
Describe the beverage Chicory
From the Asteraceae family, made from the roots and native to SE Europe.
219
Describe the beverage Chocolate
From the Sterculiaceae family, the seeds are used and it is native to South America.
220
Describe the beverage Coffee
From the Rubiaceae family, seeds are used and native to Ethiopia.
221
Describe the beverage Cola
From the family Sterculiaceae, the seeds are used and native in Africa
222
Describe the beverage Guarana
From the family Sapindaceae, The seeds are used, From South America
223
Describe the beverage Guayusa
From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America
224
Describe the beverage Mate
From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America
225
Describe the beverage tea
From the Theaceae family, The tip leaves are used, native to China, india, tibet, myanmar
226
The Aztecs believed what was the food of Gods?
Cacao
227
The indians of Mexico made this beverage for the priests and nobelmen
Chocolatl
228
Who opened the first chocolate factory?
The spanish
229
What is Chocolate liquor?
A dark brown oily paste, made from crushed nibs.
230
When chocolate liquor solidifies it becomes what?
Baking Chocolate
231
Cocoa powder was made when?
1828
232
Who introduced chocolate
Daniel Peter of switzerland in 1875
233
Who invented the process called cinching?
Rodolphe Lindt in 1879
234
Who leads the world in chocolate tree cultivation?
Africa
235
Who is the major producer of chocolate?
The USA
236
Who consumes the most chocolate?
The swiss
237
Dark chocolate is rich in what?
Antioxidants
238
Criollo beans are used for what?
The finest quality of chocolates.
239
White chocolate
Contains no chocolate liquor it is mostly cocoa butter, vanilla, and milk.
240
Chocolate has less caffeine than what?
coffee, tea and cola.
241
Cola
A variety of soft drinks made from the Kola nut.
242
Cola nitida
Native to the forests of West Africa. cola nuts have a bitter flavor and contain more caffeine then coffee.
243
What stimulant is present in the Cola nnut?
A cardiac stimulant kolani and a trace of theobromine.
244
Who was the firs tot use the kola nut in a beverage?
The USA.
245
Coca-cola
First to use the kola nuts and cola leaves in 1886.
246
Mate
A social beverage made from Aquifoliaceae a small tree native to South America. tastes like herbal tea.
247
Asi
made by native american indians from yaupon holly.
248
What is one of the main ingredients in making rum?
Molasses
249
Theophylline
from tea leaves
250
Kolanin
Cola seeds
251
Caffeine is
A stimulant, alkaloid found in seeds or leaves.
252
Sterculiaceae is the family of which of the following?
cola
theobroma
thea
