Test 2 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Worms in the order Strongylida:
A
- Ancylostoma caninum (SF: Ancylostomatoidea)
- Cyathostomes (SF: Strongyloidea)
- Haemonchus Contortus (SF: Trichostrongyloidea)
- Parelaphostrongylus tenius (SF: Metastrongyloidea)
- Trichostrongylus Axei
- hyostrongylus rubidis
- Strongylus Vulgaris
- oesophagostomum
2
Q
Ancylostoma Caninum
Common name: Order: SF: F: Lifecycle: D or indire.
A
CN: Dog Hookworm O: Strongylida SF: ancylostomatoidea F: Ancylostomidae LC: Direct (skin pen., transmammary)
3
Q
Cyathostomes
Common Name: Order: SF: F: LC:
A
CN: Small Strongyles O: Strongylida SF: Strongyloidea F: Strongylidae LC: Direct (ingestion)
4
Q
Haemonchus Contortus
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: (Hair Worms) Barber's Pole, Candy Cane Stomach Worm O: Strongylida SF: Trichostrongyloidea F: Trichostrongylidae LC: Direct (ingestion)
5
Q
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis
Common Name: O: SF: F: Lifecycle:
A
CN: (Lung worms) Meningeal or Brain Worm O: Strongylida SF: Metastrongyloidea F: NONE LC: Indirect (ingests snail; lymphatic-tracheal)
6
Q
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Giant Human Roundworm O: Ascaridida SF: Ascaroidea F: Ascarididae LC: Direct (ingestion)
7
Q
Ascaris Suum
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Swine Roundworm Order: Ascaridida SF: Ascaroidea F: Ascarididae LC: Direct (ingestion)
8
Q
Toxocara Canis
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
Dog Roundworm O: Ascaridida SF: Ascaroidea F: Ascarididae LC: Direct (Ingestion, transplacental, rarely transmammary)
9
Q
Worms in the Order: Ascaridida
A
- Ascaris Lumbricoides (Giant Human Roundworm)
- Ascaris Suum (Swine Roundworm)
- Toxocara Canis (Dog Roundworm)
- Parascaris Equorum (Horse Roundworm)
10
Q
Enterobius Vermicularis
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Human Pinworm O: Oxyurida SF: Oxyuroidea F: NONE LC: Direct (hand/mouth or aerosol trans. of eggs)
11
Q
Oxyuris Equi
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Horse Pinworm O: Oxyurida SF: Oxyuroidea F: NONE LC: Direct (horses chew on wood, pick up eggs, where others rubbed off from their perianal area)
12
Q
Worms in the order Oxyurida, SF: Oxyroidea
A
- Enterobius Vermicularis (human Pinworm)
- Oxyuris equi (Horse Pinworm)
13
Q
Physaloptera rara
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: N/A O: Spirurida SF: Spiruroidea F: NONE LC: Indirect (ingesting beetles)
14
Q
Habronema Muscae
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: n/a O: Spirurida SF: Spiruroidea F: NONE LC: Indirect (muscae domestica fly places deposits on horses lips, water, feed or the horse eats the fly); fly deposits in wound leading to cutaneous migrans
15
Q
worms in the order: Spirurida
What Superfamilies are they in?
A
- Physaloptera rara (Spiruroidea)
- Habronema Muscae (Spiruroidea)
- Draschia (Spiruroidea)
- Dirofilaria Immitis (Filaroidea)
16
Q
Trichuris Vulpis
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Whipworm O: Enoplida SF: Trichinelloidea F: Trichuridae LC: Direct (ingestion of L1, infectious, eggs)
17
Q
Trichinella Spiralis
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Human Whipworm Order: Enoplida SF: Trichinelloidea F: Trichinellidae LC: Direct (ingestion of infectious cyst)
18
Q
Strongylus Vulgaris
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Large Strongyles O: Strongylida SF: Strongyloidea F: Strongylidae LC: Direct
19
Q
Different Genera of Cyathostomes
A
- Cyathostomum
- Cylicodontophorus
- Cylicostephanus
- Gyalocephalus
- Poteriostomum
20
Q
Trichostrongylus Axei
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: stomach parasite of rum. horses, swine, humans O: Strongylida SF: Trichostrongyloidea F: Trichostrongylidae LC: Direct (ingestion)
21
Q
Parascaris Equorum
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Horse Roundworm O: Ascaridida SF: Ascaroidea F: Ascarididae LC: Direct
22
Q
Dirofilaria Immitis
Common Name: order: SF: F: Life Cycle:
A
CN: Heart Worm O: Spirurida SF: Filaroidea F: NONE LC: Indirect (mosquito bite)
23
Q
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Common name: Order SF F Indirect or Direct LC
A
Common name: Intestinal Thread worm O: Rhabditida SF: Rhabditoidea F: Rhabdidae LC: Direct (skin pen., ingestion and mucous membr.pen., transmammary)
24
Q
Nematomorpha.
Common Name:. ssp?. Morph:. Lifecycle trend. Clinical importance:.
A
CN: Horse Hair Worm.
SSP: Gordius.
Knotted adult worms.
Lives in water and looks like horse hair; katydid (arthropods) infected by these, worm is released when in aquatic environment (or animals stomachs if they eat them).
CI: no clinical importance but client may become worried if they see their animals vomit the worms out.
25
Nematodes:.
Dioecious or Monoecious.
more to come.
Dioecious (require 2 individuals of separate sex).
26
Strongyloides spp.
1. Males and females parasitic?.
2. What is the infective stage, explain how infection occurs.
3. How long is Prepatent period.
4. When are hypobiotic larva activated.
5. Clinical Signs.
6. How does auto-infection happen.
1. only females are parasitic.
2. L3 is infective - skin/mucosal membrane penetration, transmammary; skin tracheal migration, molting in lungs, coughing may be clinical sign.
3. PPP: 2-3 wks.
4. activated at parturition and passed transmammary in horse/cow (not dog)
5. Pneumonitis and diarrhea.
6. immune suppressed individual may develop auto-infection by L1 moving to perianal area developing into L3 and crawl back in anus to reinfect the host.
27
Strongyloides Stercoralis
- Where is adult worm found.
- Hosts.
- Esophagus Type.
- Describe Cycle of egg.
- zoonotic?.
- how to diagnose.
-
- small intestine mucosa.
- DOGS, Humans/primates.
- long, filariform esophagus.
- eggs hatch, become L1 (Rhabditform esophagus) which are passed in feces. Develop to L3 (infective) or adult in feces.
- should be considered zoonotic
- dx: direct observation of L1 eggs in feces in saline.
28
Ancylostoma Caninum
```
Common name:.
Location in host:.
Morph. of adult, sucks bld or no?.
Describe Life phases.
What type of Migration.
Blood suckers?.
Esophagus type:
Clinical Signs.
anthelminics effective?.
Prepatent period.
zoonotic?.
```
CN: Dog Hookworm.
L: small intestine.
M: Large buccal cavity w/3 teeth, voracious blood sucker.
LF: eggs hatch in enviro, feed on bact, molt to L3 and then leave feces. MUST be warm, moist environment (NOT AMARILLO)
Migration:
- Skin-tracheal (adults in intestines, in naive hosts)
- Skin-aortic (adults in tissues, in resistant hosts)
- L4 and adults are voracious blood suckers
- Major clinical sign is anemia, only get disease when infected the first time, build up immunity after that.
- anthelminics effective in all but hypobiotic larva.
- PPP:
- 2-3 wks transmammary
- 4-5 wks skin (longer in resistant host).
- zoonotic: can pen. human skin. can't get to intestines but do cutaneous migrans and make you itch.
Esophagus type: clubbed
29
Strongylus Vulgaris.
host:.
migration type.
clinical sign.
low/high susceptibility.
Host: Horses.
MT: migrate through cranial mesenteric artery.
CS: common cause of equine colic.
Susc: are now endangered species so lots of horses susceptible if infected.
30
What worm was the most important in horses in 2015?.
Cyathostomes.
31
Cyathostomes.
```
Life cycle:.
infective stage:.
Prepatent Period:.
Clinical Signs:.
anthelminics useful?:.
```
LC: eggs passed in feces, hatch, molt to infective L3 (1 wk-1month in pasture). L3 ascends vegetation in water (dew), horse eats it, moves to mucosa of lg. intestine. (L3/4 can undergo hypobiosis) molts to L4 moves to lumen of lg. intestine, becomes L5
IS: L3.
ppp: 2m-2yrs
CS: Weight loss, diarrhea; clinical dz. primarily in spring in horses under 4 yrs old.
anthelminic resistance= issue on some properties.
32
Trichostrongylus Axei.
- Host.
- Location in host.
- Importance of worm.
- H: horse, rum, swine, human.
- L: Stomach.
- not important unless you or your livestock have them.
33
Haemonchus Contortus.
- anthelminics effective:.
- Describe life cycle.
- Texas worms resistant to all enthelminics.
- Development:
- eggs passed in feces, dev. to L3 (1wk. longer when cool)survive in pasture 1-8mo, ingested
- dev. in the abomasum or hypobios in gastric glands
- become L4 and suck blood; adult in 21-28 days.
- hypobios (overwinter), also reactivate at parturition.
34
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis
- Type of migration:.
- Direct/Indirect LC and host?.
- Describe Lifecycle.
- Clinical signs.
- Prepatent Period.
Lymphatic Tracheal migration
- Indirect. Snail L1-L3, deer eats snail, L3 intestine to spinal cord, live in venous sinuses, eggs passed to capillaries in lungs and hatch, L1 coughed up and swallowed, passed in feces on slime layer of pellet, penetrates feet of snails.
CS: None in deer, won't infect cows, ataxia, paraplegia, tetraplegia only in moose, goat, antelope, llama.
PPP: 3 months.
35
Haemonchus Contortus.
- Morph of adults.
- Clinical and physio. signs.
- M: females red and white striped (red=digestive tract, white = uterus)
- CS: bottle jaw (hypoprotenemia), death, wool break.
- PS: ANEMIA, hypoprotenemia
36
Ascarididae family:.
```
Host:.
Location in host:.
Looks like what other worm:.
Morph of adult:.
Infective stage:.
Direct or Indirect:.
```
```
H: Humans.
L: small intestines.
LL: indistinguishable from Ascaris Suum.
Morph: large, white worms with 3 Lips.
IS: L2.
Direct: some may use paratenic hosts.
```
37
Ascaris Lumbricoides.
```
describe lifcycle:.
amt. of eggs by female:.
Clinical Signs.
% of ppl have it:.
Clinical Signs:.
```
- eggs passed in feces, require 1m. to become infective
L2 ingestion, hepato-tracheal migration, molt to L3 in liver, L4 and adult in small intestine.
- female produces thousands of eggs.
CS: Pneumonitis, Eosinophilia
Z: yes, 40% of population has it.
CS: cognitive delays/malnutrition.
PPP: 2 months
38
Ascaris Suum
- affects old or young swine and where?.
- Describe Lifecycle:.
- clinical and physio. signs in pigs:.
- young swine heavily in crowded, soil environments
- LC: Egg passed in feces, L2 in enviro (lives for yrs), ingest, hepatotracheal migration, adults in small intestine.
- signs: milk spot liver, pneumonitis, ill thrift, weight loss.
39
Parascaris Equorum.
```
Size of worm:.
Host:.
Host Young or Old:.
Location in Host:.
Migration:.
Prepatent Period:.
Immune response:.
```
Size: LARGE; 15-45cm.
H: Young horses.
L: small intestine.
M: hepatic-tracheal migration.
PPP: 65 days, usually no eggs until foal is 3mo.
IR: migration stimulates strong immune response. will only have during 1st infection.
40
Toxocara Canis.
```
Host:.
Location in host:.
Infective Stage:.
Describe Lifecycle:.
Type of migration:.
Prepatent Period:.
paratenic hosts and what does it cause:.
```
H: Puppies.
L: small intestine.
IS: eggs dev. to infective L2 in 1 month. (can last yrs. in enviro), infect direct or paratenic hosts
- less than 5 wks = hepatotracheal migration to small intestine.
- over 5 wks = hepatoaortic migration to tissues.
- trans placental is common.
PPP:
- 3 wks (trans placental)
- 4-5 weeks (Direct)
PH: Kids less than 3 yrs, visceral larval migrans; target organ = retina, also infects liver, lungs, brain, causes eosinophilia
41
Superfamily: Oxyroidea.
Hosts:.
Morph of adult worms:.
Infective stage:.
Esophagus feature:.
- H: primates, rodents, equids reptiles
- M: females have pointed tails
- IS: L3 infective
- E: posterior bulb on esophagus
42
Enterobius Vermicularis
How eggs exit:.
When eggs infective:.
Pass between species?.
how to diagnose:.
- female deposits eggs in perianal area w/sticky substance.
- become infective 6 hrs after, up to 3 weeks.
- NOT passed to pets.
- cellophane tape to perianal area, look for lopsided eggs.
43
Oxyrus Equi.
- eggs exit how:.
- when infective:.
- migration:.
- Location of adults:.
- Pre patent period:.
- How to treat:.
- female lays in stick substance in perianal area.
- eggs infective in 3-5 days, survive in enviro for 30 days.
- no migration
- location: colon/rectum
- PPP: 5 months
- Treat often as re-infestation is common, remove horse from area for at least a month
44
Trichuroidea.
| Features of the adult.
Adult: Long slender stichosome esophagus, small mouth.
| Male has a curved posterior with 1 or no spicule.
45
Trichuridae versus Trichinellidae egg features.
Trichuridae: Thick shelled, single cell, bipolar plugs.
Trichinellidae: Larva released.
46
The whip of whipworms is the anterior or posterior end of the worm?
Anterior
47
Trichuris vulpis.
| Lifecycle, include time frames.
Egg to L1 in 2 weeks.
L1 (infective) eggs can live in the environment for prolonged periods of time.
After ingested it hatches in SI and the L1 enters the mucosa migrates through mucosa to large intestine to molt into adults in 10 days.
48
Trichinella spiralis.
| Lifecycle with time frames.
Larva are released from the female and migrate through blood and lymphatics to muscle.
Encysts in skeletal muscle cell.
Infective within 2-3 weeks.
Cyst is ingested by a carnivore and L1 develops into an adult in the SI in 2-6 days.
Adult female enters mucosa and lays eggs (15,000/life).
49
Trichinella spiralis.
| Zoonotic potential.
High prevalence in swine via rodents.
Is zoonotic through eating infected pork that is not properly stored and cooked.
Can be fatal to humans.
50
Spiruroidea.
Adult location in host.
Features of the adult.
Location: Stomach.
Adult: 2 or 4 lips, well demarcated pharynx, Esophagus is muscular on anterior portion and glandular posteriorly, cuticular ornaments.
Male: coiled tail.
51
Spiruroidea.
| Egg features.
Larvated eggs produced.
52
```
Physaloptera rara.
Hosts.
Location of adult in host.
Clinical signs.
Diagnosis.
```
DH: Dogs, cats, other large predators.
IH: Beetle
Found in the anterior duodenum with the anterior end embedded in the wall of the stomach.
Diagnosis: recover and ID worm from vomit.
53
Physaloptera rara.
| Lifecycle, include timeframes.
Adult lays eggs.
L1 egg is ingested by beetle larva and worm develops to L3 within beetle.
Infected beetle is ingested.
Develops into adult in the stomach.
54
Habronema muscae.
Hosts.
Lifecycle, include time frames.
Prepatency.
```
DH: Equids.
IH: Musca domestica.
Adult lays eggs into feces.
L1 eggs ingested by fly larvae.
Worm develops to L3 in fly.
L3 deposited on lips, in water, on feed, or fly itself is ingested.
Develops to adult in stomach and lives under mucus coat in glandular portion.
Prepatency: 2 months.
```
55
Habronema versus Physaloptera eggs
Habronema: thin shelled and larvated.
Physaloptera: thick cuticle and larvated.
56
Explain how cutaneous habronemiasis happens.
| Common name.
Common name: Summer sores.
L3 is deposited on abraded skin, conjunctiva, or mucous membranes of genitalia.
Causes a pruritic chronic granulomatous lesion that regresses in winter and presents again in spring.
57
Dirofilaria immitis.
Hosts.
Location in host.
Features of adult.
DH: Dogs, coyotes, sea lions, ferrets.
IH: hematophagous insects (mosquitoes).
Found in blood and right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.
Adult: Long slender
Male: corkscrew tail with unequal spicules.
58
Dirofilaria immitis.
Lifecylce with time frames.
Prepatency.
Adult produces L1.
L1 is ingested by mosquito during blood meal.
Develops to L3 in mosquito (2 weeks).
L3 enters dog during bloodmeal of mosquito.
L3 to L4 (1 week).
L4 migrates subcutaneously and molts to L5 (65 days).
L5 migrates to heart and develops to adult.
Prepatency: 6 months.
59
Syndrome associated with a high load of L5 Dirofilaria immitis entering the heart at the same time?
Vena caval syndrome.
| A shock like syndrome due to the worms blocking the vena cava.
60
What does the presence of dirofilaria immitis in a dog cuase?
How do you prevent it?
Chronic progressive right sided heart failure with pulmonary hypertension.
Prevention: Monthly ivermectin, milbemycin, selamectin, moxidectin. 6 month injectable moxidectin.
61
Dirofilaria immitis.
Diagnosis.
Treatment.
```
Diagnosis.
Microfilaria: direct, filter, Knott.
Serology for antigens.
Thoracic radiographs.
Ultrasound.
Treatment.
Adulticide: melarsomine.
Microfilaricide: ivermectin.
```
62
Trichinelloidea.
| Adult features.
Long slender stichosome esophagus.
Small mouth.
Male: curved posterior with 1 to 0 spicule.
63
Class Turbellaria:
| Importance in vet med
Not much since they are free living carnivores.
| Bipalium kewense is a striped flatworms that cats may try to eat and then vomit out. No problems result.
64
Class Eucestoda:
Common name.
General features.
Tapeworms.
Consist of a head (scolex), a body (strobila), 4 suckers (acetabula) or 2 slits (bothria), often have hooks, strobila has many segments (proglottids).
65
Class Eucestoda:
Diecious or Monecious.
Nutrition.
Lifecycle type.
Monecious.
Absorbs nutrients through body wall so no body cavity or digestive organs.
Indirect.
66
```
Order Cyclophyllidea:
Adult features.
What is passed in feces?
Egg features.
Why might an owner not see them in the feces?
```
Adult: Scolex with 4 suckers and a rostellum which may have hooks and/or be retractable.
Gravid proglottid segments.
Eggs: Shell and hexacanth (6 hooks) embryo.
Gravid proglottid will crawl away from feces to distribute embryophores.
67
Worms in the order Cyclophyllidea
Dipylidium caninum.
Taenia saginata.
Echinococcus granulosus.
68
```
Dipylidium caninum:
Hosts.
Location in host.
IDing feature.
Other adult features.
```
Hosts: Dogs, cats, occasionally humans.
Small intestine.
ID: 2 lateral pores.
Features: up to 75cm long, armed protrusable proboscis, gravid proglottid is longer than wide, egg baskets (6-30 eggs)
69
Dipylidium caninum:
| Life cycle
Gravid proglottid is passed with feces and deposits eggs in environment.
Eggs are ingested by fleas or louse and becomes a cysticercoid.
Infected flea or louse is ingested.
Scolex attaches to small intestine.
70
Dipylidium caninum:
| Clinical importance.
Owners' disgust.
Mechanically block anal sac.
Intestinal intussusception.
71
```
Taenia saginata:
Class.
Order.
Family.
Type of DH and IH.
```
Class: Eucestoda.
Order: Cyclophyllidea.
Family: Taeniidae.
2 mammalian hosts.
72
Taenia saginata:
| Life cycle.
Gravid proglottids are shed by infected human.
Gravid proglottids crawl away from feces and deposit eggs.
Cow infests eggs and egg (onchosphere) passes through the intestinal wall, travels through blood, and encysts in muscle as a cysticercus.
Human ingests improperly cooked infected meat.
Scolex attaches to small intestine and produces proglottids.
73
Taenia spp.:
| 5 common predator prey relationships.
```
Human/ Cow.
Human/ Pig.
Cat/ Mouse.
Dog/ Sheep.
Wolf/ Reindeer.
```
74
Types of larva/cysts in Taenia spp.
Cysticercus.
Cysticercoid.
Hydatid.
Tetrathridium.
75
Cysticercus definition and animal its found in.
Cysticercus: thin walled fluid filled cyst with 1 inverted scolex (protoscolex); found in mammals.
76
Cysticercoid definition and animal its found in.
Cysticercoid: Solid cyst with 1 inverted scolex; found in invertebrates.
77
Hydatid definition and animal its found in.
Hydatid: thick walled cyst with multiple brood capsules containing multiple inverted scolicies; found in mammals.
78
Tetrathridium definition and animal its found in.
Tetrathridium: long flattened larva; found in vertebrates.
79
Echinococcus granulosus:
Class.
Order.
Family.
Class: Eucestoda.
Order: Cyclophyllidea.
Family: Taeniidae.
80
```
Echinococcus granulosus:
Adult features.
Larva/cysts form:
DH:
IH:
```
Adults: small (3-6mm) only 3 or 4 proglottids.
Larva/cysts form: Hydatid cyst in IH.
Disease: caused by hydatid growing too large for host.
DH: canine
IH: ruminants, macropods, equids, swine, humans.
81
Taenia spp. egg features
Eggs: round, thick walled that is radially striated, 40 um, hexacanth.
82
Trichomonads:
```
Phylum:
host (and most prev. in which kind of this host):
Location in Host:
Direct/Indirect Lifecycle:
Morphology:
How to diff. from Giardia:
Stages:
In enviro and host?
How to Diagnose:
Reportable? if so, to whom:
```
- Phylum: Parabasalia
- Host: Cattle (beef cattle prevalence)
- Location: GI and Repro (tritrichomonas =repro)
- Direct Lifecycle
- Morph: anterior flagella (tritricho = 3, tricho=4, penta=5), 1 posterior flagella, 1 anterior nucleus
- Diff. from Giardia:
- Giardia: in place motion
- trichomonas: forward/progressive motion
- Stages: trophozoites (no cyst stage)
- strictly in host
- Diagnose: prepuce scraping, short term culture, PCR from culture pouches
- Reportable to USDA APHIS and TAHC
83
Phylum: parabasalia
Where are Trichomonads found in host:
Which trich's are found in which host location:
Which are non-parasitic/parasitc:
Intestinal: (usually non-parasitic)
- Trichomonas Equi
- Tritrichomonas Suis
- Pentatrichomonas Hominis
Repro: (parasitic)
- Tritrichomonas Foetus (bull prepuce, cow vagina/uterus)
84
Phylum: Euglenozoa
```
Type of reproduction:
Genera:
Indirect/Direct Lifecycle:
How transmitted:
Direct Host:
Intermediate Host:
```
- Asexual repro.
- Genera: Leishmania & Trypanosoma
- Indirect Lifecycle
- Trans: Vector
- DH: mammal/arthropod
- IH: vert/invertibrate
85
Echinococcus granulosus:
| Life cycle
Proglottids are produced in DH.
Proglottids passed with feces and are dispersed in environment.
IH ingests egg and embryo migrates to liver or lung to create a hydatid cyst.
DH eats infected liver/lung.
Scolicies attach to small intestine.
86
Echinococcus granulosus:
Treatment:
Control:
Treatment: Praziquantel in dogs. Not treated in livestock.
Control: dont feed raw offal to canids, reduce wild/feral canine populations, wash hands after petting dogs
87
Worms in the family Taeniidae
Echinococcus granulosus.
Taenia saginata.
anoplocephala Perfoliata
anoplocephala Magna
88
Worms in the order Pseudophyllidea
Spirometra mansonoides.
89
Order Pseudophyllidea.
Adult features:
Egg release:
Adult: scoles unarmed, no suckers, bothria present, genital pores and organs are central in segments.
Numerous segments shed at once.
Eggs: shed directly and not in proglottids, oval and operculated, hatches in environment.
90
```
Spirometra mansonoides:
IH.
DH.
Paratenic host.
Location in host.
Geographic location.
```
```
IH: copepod, tadpole.
DH: raccoon, dog, cat.
Paratenic hosts: snakes, birds, pigs, humans.
Small intestine.
North America.
```
91
Spirometra mansonoides:
Cyst in human:
Transmission to humans:
Cyst: Plerocercoid (tumor like that moves under skin).
Transmission: Ingestion (copepod in water or poorly cooked pork) or contact to mucous membrane
92
Class trematoda.
Common name:
Adult features:
Diecious or Monoecious:
Fluke.
Adults: flat, unsegmented, mouth and blind alimentary tract, suckers.
Monoecious.
93
Worms in Class Trematoda:
```
Fasciola hepatica.
Schistosoma mansoni.
Heterobilharzia americana.
Avian: Gigantobilarzia spp., Trichobilharzia spp.
Rodent: Schistosomatium spp.
```
94
Fasciola hepatica.
Common name:
Host:
Location in host:
Common liver fluke.
Grazing animals (humans, cattle, sheep).
Hepatic bile ducts.
95
Fasciola hepatica.
| Life cycle Egg to leaving IH:
Eggs are passed with the bile into the feces.
Eggs hatch with water and sunlight to Miracidium stage.
Miracidium penetrates the foot of a Lymnaeid snail and reproduce asexually. (see notes if you want nitty gritty)
Cercaria leave snail when in water and encyst as Metacercaria on vegetation.
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Fasciola hepatica.
Life cycle leaving IH to Adult:
Prepatent period:
Mammal ingests the Metacercaria on vegetation.
It penetrates the intestine as a Juvenile fluke and moves to the liver.
Migrates within the liver for weeks then penetrates the bile duct to form the Adult.
Prepatency: 10-12 wks
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Fasciola hepatica.
| Clinical signs and pathophysiology.
```
Due to liver migration.
Bile duct hyperplasia.
Liver fibrosis.
Dec repro activity.
Secondary bacterial toxemia.
```
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Family Schistosomatidae.
Adult features:
Dioecious or Monoecious.
Adult features: live in blood vessels, male is elongated with gynecophoral groove for female, female is longer and slender.
Dioecious.
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```
Schistosoma mansoni.
Geographic location:
Location in host:
Host:
Pathology:
Prepatency:
```
```
Africa, Caribbean, S America.
Mesenteric veins.
Humans and other primates.
Granulomas in liver, hypertension, hepatospleenomegaly, esophageal varices. Debilitating for humans.
Prepatency: 6 wks.
```
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Schistosoma mansoni.
Life cycle:
What other fluke has the same life cycle?
Eggs are released in mesenteric vein.
Eggs migrate from capillaries to intestinal lumen. Abberent eggs can accumulate in capillaries of liver and gut.
Eggs are passed with feces and hatch in water.
Miracidium penetrates snail and asexually reproduce.
Cercaria leave snail into water and penetrate skin of DH.
Schistosomule enters blood vessles and migrates via lungs, heart, liver, and mesentary to the mesenteric vein.
Heterobilharzia americana.
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Heterobilharzia americana.
Geographic location:
Host:
Location in host:
Pathophysiology:
Prepatency:
```
SE US.
Raccoons, dogs, horses.
Mesenteric veins.
Hypercalcemia, periodic bloody diarrhea, sim to Schistosoma mansoni (Granulomas in liver, hypertension, hepatospleenomegaly, esophageal varices.).
Prepatency: 6 wks (same as Schistosoma mansoni)
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What happens when humans get Heterobilharzia americana?
Skin penetration and cutaneous larval migrans. "trappers itch"
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Family Schistosomatidae.
| 2 types of cutaneous larva migrans
Swimmers itch.
| Trappers itch.
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Phylum Acanthocephala worms and common name.
CN: Thorny headed worms.
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus.
Macracanthorhynchus ingens.
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```
Phylum Acanthocephala.
Adult features:
Egg features:
Type of life cycle:
Dioecious or Monoecious:
```
Adult: retractable proboscis with hooks, absorbs nutrients thus no digestive tract, body cavity present.
Eggs: Thick shelled (3 layers) containing acanthor/larva through feces.
Indirect.
Dioecious.
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Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus.
DH:
IH:
Adult features:
DH: Swine.
IH: Beetle.
Adult: female upto 65cm pinkish, pseudo segmented.
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Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus.
| Life cycle:
Egg passes with feces.
Egg is ingested by beetle larva and develops to cystacanth.
Infected beetle is ingested by swine.
Cystacanth attaches to small intestine.
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Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus.
| Clinical signs/ Pathophysiology.
Diarrhea, blood loss, peritonitis, ill thrift.
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```
Macracanthorhynchus ingens.
DH:
IH:
Transport host:
Clinical importance:
```
DH: Raccoon, opossums.
IH: Millipedes, beetles.
TH: Frogs, Snakes.
Clinical importance: if dog is infected worms can be passed in vomit or feces, otherwise no problem.
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Protozoa.
Kingdom:
Features of the kingdom:
Subkingdom:
Kingdom Protista.
Features 1 cell, eukaryotes (membrane bound nucleus).
Subkingdom Protozoa.
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Chromista definition
1 cell eukaryotes with chloroplast-like organelles
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5 Major ways to classify protozoa
```
Location.
Life cycle.
Reproduction.
Locomotion.
Morphology.
```
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2 forms of protozoal asexual reproduction.
Binary fission- forms 2 nuclei and separates into 2 daughters.
Multiple fission- forms multiple nuclei and separates into multiple daughters.
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Reproductive products of protozoa.
Cyst, Oocyst, Spore
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Phylum Ciliophora.
Type of symbiosis.
Location in hosts.
Symbiotic features.
Symbiosis: Commensal or mutual.
Location: Rumen, equine lg colon.
Features: Obligate anaerobes, digest CHO, provides animal with protein and fatty acids.
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```
Balantidium coli.
Diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prevention.
Reportable?
```
Diagnosis: Direct smear with special stain. Might see on fecal float.
Treatment: Tetracycline.
Prevention: Limit fecal oral transmission via removal of poop.
Reportable: No
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```
Giardia intestinalis.
Other synonymous species:
Hosts:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Trans:
Diagnosis:
Reportable: ?
```
G. lamblia, G. duodenalis.
Hosts: human, dog, cat, birds.
Location: Sits on cell surface in SI.
Trans: fecal contamination of water or other indigestible.
Diagnosis: cysts in fecal float (ZnSO4), stained fecal smear. ELISA, SNAP test, IFA.
Reportable: Yes, CDC
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Protozoa in Ciliophora phylum.
Balantidium coli.
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Balantidium coli.
Hosts:
Location: cellular and organ.
Stages:
Clinical signs:
```
Hosts: Swine, Primates, occasionally humans.
Location: Extracellular in lumen and sometimes mucosa of large intestine.
Stages: Trophozoite, Cyst.
Clinical signs: usually none, occasionally diarrhea.
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Trypanosoma brucei.
Hosts:
Stages:
Reproduction:
Transmission:
Life cycle type:
```
Mammalian hosts: Human, Cattle, Wild ruminants, human.
Arthropod host: Glossina spp. (Tsetse fly).
Trypomastigote: mammalian host, Extracellular (blood), 12-18 um.
Epimastigote: arthropod host
Reproduction: binary fission.
Trans: salivarian transmission.
Life cycle: indirect
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Trypanosoma brucei.
Phylum:
Disease common names:
Reportable?
```
Phylum: Euglenozoa.
Dz-
Cattle: Nagana.
Human: African sleeping sickness.
Reportable: yes, USDA APHIS, TAHC
```
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```
Leishmania spp.
Phylum:
Life cycle type:
Hosts:
Zoonosis:
Stages:
```
Phylum: Euglenozoa.
Life cycle: indirect.
Mammalian host: human, rodents, opossum, armadillo, dog, cat.
Arthropod host: lutzomyia, phlebotomus.
Zoonotic: yes.
Location in host: intracellular.
Stages- Amastigote: mammalian host, intracellular in phagocytes, 1-2 um. Promastigote: arthropod host.
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Leishmania spp.
Clinical signs:
Diagnosis:
Reportable:
Cutaneous: L. mexicana, ulcers wks to months, usually in cats on face and ears.
Mucocutaneous: L. brasiliensis, Brazil and nearby areas, Rare in animals, Deep painful facial lesions.
Visceral: L. donovain, US and Europe, Dog affected with chronic wasting, thick flakey toe nails, lymphadenopathy, and dry flakey skin, can be leathal.
Diagnosis: CS, impression smear with biopsy and histology, serology, aspirate of lymph nodes, liver, and or spleen.
Reportable: TDSHS, TAHC
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Phylum Apicomplexa.
Location in host:
Morphology:
Stages of life cycle:
Location: intracellular.
Morphologic: apical complex.
Stages: Sporogony (asexual), Merogony (asexual), Gamogony (form sex cells), Syngamy (sexual).
125
Genera under Phylum: Euglenozoa
Typanosoma
| Leishmania
126
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Eimeria spp.
Life cycle type:
Hosts:
Specificity:
Clinical signs:
Life cycle:
```
```
Life cycle: direct.
Hosts: hervivores, avian, poultry.
Specificity: specific to host.
CS: diarrhea, enteritis.
Life cycle: Oocyst leaves host and goes through sporogony to form sporozoites with in oocyst. Sporulated oocyst is ingested, sporozoites released and enter cells. Merogony happens to inc numbers of merozoites, burst cell and reinfects other cells. Go through gamogony to produce seperate sexes, go through syngamy to produce oocyst.
```
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```
Eimeria spp.
Transmission:
Dz in poultry:
Dz in cattle:
Treatment:
```
Trans: fecal oral.
Poultry: found in growing birds, results in production losses, diagnose from litter/bedding for oocyst.
Cattle: growing animals, diarrhea, results in production losses but only rarely fatal.
Treatment: coccidoistats in feed or water. Poultry can give an attenuated oocyst oral vacc.
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American Trypanosoma:
```
Phylum:
Name:
Mammalian hosts:
Arthropod hosts:
Family arthropod hosts in:
```
- Phylum: Euglenozoa
- Name: Trypanosoma Cruzi
- mammalian Host: Dog, Human, wildlife
- trypomastigotes in bld, amastigotes in tissues
- Arthropod Host: Kissing Bug, Reduviid bug, assassin bug, triatomid bug
- Arthopod Family: Reduviidae
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T. Cruzi in mammal host:
2 forms:
Morph:
Intra/extracellular for each form:
```
Trypomastigote:
- Morph: C shaped
- extracellular
Amastigote:
- intracellular
```
130
T cruzi in arthropod host:
Stage in Arth. host:
How replicates:
How transmitted to mammals:
Stage: Epimastigote
Rep: Binary fision
Trans: STERCORARIAN, ingestion (dog), transplacental (dog/man), blood transfustion (dog/man), organ transplant (man), contam. food (man)
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Trypanosoma Cruzi
Disease it causes (man and dog):
Clinical signs:
- Chaga's disease
- MAN: Clin. signs: acute dz, latent infection, chronic progressive: heart, megaesophagus, megacolon, visceral nerve ganglia dmg.
- DOG: acute myocarditis, dysrythmias, chronic/dilatitive cardiomyopathy
132
T. Cruzi
Diagnosis:
Dx:
- ID trypomastigotes on blood films
- Serology
- post mortem histopath
- ECG
133
```
Leishmania spp.
Phylum:
Life cycle type:
Hosts:
Zoonosis:
Stages:
```
Phylum: Euglenozoa.
Life cycle: indirect.
Mammalian host: human, rodents, opossum, armadillo, dog, cat.
Arthropod host: lutzomyia, phlebotomus.
Zoonotic: yes.
Location in host: intracellular.
Stages- Amastigote: mammalian host, oval areas with lg round and small neucleus. Promastigote: arthropod host.
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```
Eimeria spp.
Life cycle type:
Hosts:
Specificity:
Clinical signs:
Life cycle:
```
```
Life cycle: direct.
Hosts: hervivores, avian, poultry.
Specificity: specific to host.
CS: diarrhea, enteritis.
Life cycle: Oocyst leaves host and goes through sporogony to form sporozoites with in oocyst. Sporulated oocyst is ingested, sporozoites released and enter cells. Merogony happens to inc numbers of merozoites, burst cell and reinfects other cells. Go through gamogony to produce seperate sexes, go through syngamy to produce oocyst.
```
135
Phylum Apicomplexa.
Location in host:
Morphology:
Location: intracellular.
Morphologic: apical complex.
136
Phylum Apicomplexa.
protozoa in gut tissue.
protozoa in gut and other tissues.
hemoprotozoa.
Gut: Eimeria spp. Isospora spp. Crytosporidium paryum.
Gut and other: Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona.
Hemoprotozoa: Babesia spp. Plasmodium spp.
137
```
Eimeria spp.
Life cycle type:
Hosts:
Specificity:
Clinical signs:
```
Life cycle: direct.
Hosts: hervivores, avian, poultry.
Specificity: specific to host.
CS: diarrhea, enteritis.
138
Eimeria spp.
Transmission:
Dz in poultry:
Dz in cattle:
Trans: fecal oral.
Poultry: found in growing birds, results in production losses, diagnose from litter/bedding for oocyst.
Cattle: growing animals, diarrhea, results in production losses but only rarely fatal.
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Coccidia.
| Diagnosis.
ID oocysts on fecal flotation.
140
Isospora spp.
Hosts:
Life cycle:
Hosts: carnivores.
Life cycle: Same as Eimeria.
Oocyst leaves host and goes through sporogony to form sporozoites with in oocyst. Sporulated oocyst is ingested, sporozoites released and enter cells. Merogony happens to inc numbers of merozoites, burst cell and reinfects other cells. Go through gamogony to produce seperate sexes, go through syngamy to produce oocyst.
141
How to tell the difference between Eimeria and Isospera oocysts?
Eimeria: 4 sporozoites.
Isospera: 2 sporozoites.
