Test 3 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What do these refer to:
Defense Pt 1
Defense Pt 2
Defense Pt 3
Defense Pt 4
A
1 - Lifecycle on host
2 - shelter
3 - Breeding habitats
4 - Tx manure
2
Q
Flies:
How to treat
Defense Pt 1
Defense Pt 2
Defense Pt 3
Defense Pt 4
A
1 - dust, spray, pour on
2 - bait, spray
3 - bait, spray
4 - feed through
3
Q
when are fleas an issue in ruminants
A
when they’re penned up in stalls where cats are
calves, lambs, kids get anemic from flea infestation
4
Q
What do these mean:
- Continuous ecto-parasites
- non-continuous ecto-parasites
A
Cont: entire Lifecycle on host, host specific
Non-cont: portion of LC off host
5
Q
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants:
- List them
A
Keds
Lice
Mites
6
Q
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants
- Keds
A
Keds
- melophagus ovis
- lipoptera (deer ked, louse fly)
7
Q
Continuous ecto-parasite of grazing ruminants:
-Lice: name them
A
Bovicola (chewing)
- B. Limbatus (angora goat louse)
- B. Crassipes (goat louse)
- B. bovis (cattle biting)
- B. equi (horse chewing)
- B ovis (sheep chewing)
Haemotopinus asini (horse sucking louse)
- H. eurysterus (short nosed cattle louse) - body of cattle
- H. quadripertusus (cattle tail louse) - tail switch, eye lashes
Linognathus vituli (long nosed cattle louse) - body
- L. pedalis (foot louse, sheep)
- L. ovillus (face/body louse, sheep)
- L. stenopsis - goat sucking
Solenoptes Capillatus - little blue louse, face/body of cows
8
Q
how to treat continuous ecto, lice on grazing ruminants
- what to treat
- what’s protected from tx
- tx how often
A
- treat host (all stages on host)
- egg is protected
- treat 2 week intervals/topical
Note: There is no feed through for prevention in poo
9
Q
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants
Mites:
- List
A
- Railleta Auris (cattle ear mite) - rare/otitis media;suckling calves
- Demodex equi, caballi, caprae (goat), bovis: rare, cull infected
- Chorioptes bovis - shared sheep/goat/cattle, REPORTABLE
- C. equi (leg, mange mite, horses) - Psoroptes Ovis - cattle, sheep scab (low frequ thx to ivermectin)
- P. cuniculi - ear mite (horses, rabbit, goat - Sarcoptes Scabei
10
Q
non-continuous ecto parasites of grazers
List them
A
Myiasis flies (larva obligatory)
- Cochlyomyia hominivorax (primary screw worm)
- Hypoderma Bovis (N. cattle grub, not in TX)
- Hypoderma Lineatum (Common cattle grub, heel fly)
- Oestrus Ovis (sheep bot)
- Gasterophilus (horse bot fly)
Mosquitos
Biting midges
black flies
tabanids
Horn flies (always on host other than laying eggs)
11
Q
facultative myiasis
List them
where do they breed
how to diagnose
A
Cochliomyia
Phormia
Lucilia
- breed in bad tissue, fecal/urine soaked hair, wool or under bandages
- Odor is diagnostic
12
Q
Infection:
A
IN the host
13
Q
Infestation:
A
ON the host
14
Q
Parasitiasis
A
Presence of parasites
15
Q
Parasitiosis
A
Disease
16
Q
Is infection normal?
A
Infection is normal, disease is an imbalance
17
Q
Clinical Parasitism
A
change in ruminants manifest by abnormal signs in dermal, GI, resp or cardiovascular system
18
Q
Economic Parasitism
A
causes less than potential rate of grain, feed conversion, development, repro, meat, wool, etc.
19
Q
Are most losses in cattle economical or clinical
A
Economical
20
Q
Does potential for disease increase or decrease when livestock are concentrated in separate classes
A
increase
21
Q
Gongylonema Pulchrum
Phylum:
Class:
Superfamily:
A
P: Nemathelminthes
C: Nematoda
SF: Spiruroidea
Genus: Gonglyonema
22
Q
Gonglyonema Pulchrum
Clinical Signs:
Hosts:
Intermediate Hosts:
Note:
A
CS: Zig zag lesions in mucos of esophagus & tongue
H: WT deer, goats, sheep
IH: Beetles
Note: little economic trouble (strips mucosa from pickled lamb tongue)
23
Q
Rumen Flukes
Phylum: Class: Order: Superfamily: Genus:
A
P: Platyhelminths C: Trematoda O: Digenea SF: Paramphistomatidae G: Paramphistomum, Cotylophoran
24
Q
Rumen Flukes
Location
Eggs are similar to what other fluke
A
- attach to wall of rumen/reticulum
- similar to Fasciola Hepatica
25
Rumen reticular ciliates (obligate anaerobic commensals)
- what do they eat
- what do they make
- eat rumen bacteria
| - make protein, VFA, butyric/propionic acid
26
GI nematodes
```
Phylum
Class
Order
Superfamily: Trichostrongyloidea
list the Genus'
```
```
P: Nemathelminthes
C: Secernetea
O: Strongylida
SF: Trichostrongyloidea
Genus:
- Haemonchus
- Ostertagia
- Teladorsaiga
- Trichostrongylus
- Cooperia
- Nematodirus
```
27
GI Nematodes
Superfamily: Strongyloidea
List the genus
Genus: Oesophagostomum
28
List where these are located:
- Haemonchus
- Ostertagia
- Teladorsaiga
- Trichostrongylus
- Cooperia
- Nematodirus
- Oesophagostomum
- Haemonchus: Abomasum
- Ostertagia: Abomasum
- Teladorsaiga: Abomasum
- Trichostrongylus: Abomosum/Sm. intestine
- Cooperia: Sm intestine
- Nematodirus: Sm. intestine
- Oesophagostomum: Lg intestine
29
Gastric Parasitism:
List some clinical signs:
```
Anorexia
Hypertophy
decreased digestion
increased PH
loss of plasma protein
blood loss
increase serum pepsinogen
```
30
Intestinal parasitsm
List some clinical signs
- decreased absortption and transport
- loss of water/electrolyte
- increased peristalsys
- loss of plasma protein
- foul smelling diarrhea
31
parasite transmission is best at what temps
| how much precip is best
- above 50 and below 90, 2 inch precip/month
32
Genera of nematodes most likely to cause dz in N. America 2015
In Cattle
In small ruminants
What ages/types do each effect
Cattle:
- Ostertagia - calves, stockers, 1st time heifers most at risk
- Cooperia - young calves
- Haemonchus - stocker, replacement calves
Small Ruminants:
- Haemonchus - all ages
- trichostrongylus Colubriformis
33
Ostertagia Ostertagia
```
species and age
when larva emerge
Location of parasite on/in host
Clinical signs
Develop resistance?
```
- Species/age: cattle/ cows and calves
- emerge: fall in Tx
- Local: Abomasum
- CS: ANOREXIA, wt. loss, grn/brwn diarrhea, dehydration, hypoprot.
- resistance by 3-4 yrs
34
Ostertagia Ostertagia
- Lifecycle
- high or low egg producer
- how to test for it
- what happens to abomasol PH
LC: larva to gastric glands, molt to L4
- develop and emerge 10-14 days later, adult egg layers in 3 wks (TYPE I)
OR Hypobios (winter in N, Summer in South) (Pre type II), emerge in mass TYPE II, Disease w/L4 emergence from gastric glands (destroy gastric gland on emergence)
- Is a low egg producer
- test for increased pepsinogen, low serum protein and elevated serum gastrin
- abomasal PH rises (low ph changes pepsinogen to pepsin)
35
Teladorsaiga Circumcinta
What types of animals:
Small ruminants, not usually here but if it is, usually is in farmed WT deer
(Ostertagia version for sm rum.)
36
trichostrongylus Axei
- Hosts:
- Clinical signs:
- usually found along with what other helminth
- location in host
- is it a primary pathogen
- Hosts: horse, swine, sm. ruminants
- CS: Gastritis, wt. loss, anorexia
- Usually accompanies Ostertagia
- Local: abomasum/stomach
- not a primary pathogen, contributes to gastritis
37
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
- Common Name
- Hosts
- Location in host
- usually seen with what other helminth
- clinical signs
- where does this locate in the host local
- CN: Black Scour worm or Bankrupt worm
- Hosts: goats/small rum.
- LIH: Small intestine
- Usually seen w/telodorsaiga circumcinta (abomasum)
- CS: Anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, ill thrift
- lodges in btwn villi and causes malabsorption
38
Cooperia
- what are the names for the diff. species
- what does it have to do w/calves
- Immunity info.
- Clinical signs
- location in host
- Species:
- C. Onchopora: cattle - cool weather
- C. Pectinata, Punctata: cattle - warm weather
- C. Curticei: Sheep
- MOST PREV. HELM PARASITE IN CALVES, most dominant fecal egg count unless has haemonchus
- stimulates immunity early (5-7 months)
- CS: diarrhea in calves
- Location: small intestine
39
Nematodirus
Common Name:
Species names:
immunity info:
life cycle tidbits:
- CN: Twisted Wire Worm
- SN: N. Helvetianus (cattle), N. Spathiger, abnormalis (sm. rum)
- N. Battus (lambs): devastating diarrhea in lambs, sheep ok, just don't put lambs on same pasture 2 yrs in a row.
- Immunity: stimulates strong immunity
- larvae in egg until L3 (lg egg)
40
Oesophogostomum
```
Common name:
SF:
Local in Host:
Species names:
Life cycle:
Clinical Signs:
```
- CN: Nodular worm
- SF: Strongyloidea
- Local: adults in cecum, larva in nodules of mucosa from pyloris to anus
- Species names:
O. radiatum: cattle
O. Columbianum, Venulosum: Sheep/goats
- LC: skin penetration/Ingestion of L3
Larva in nodules up to 1yr (bact. can effect host)
- Clinical signs: diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, poor repro
41
Bonustomum
```
Common name:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
SF:
Genus:
```
```
CN: Hookworm
Phylum: Nemathelminthes
Class: Sacernetea
Order: strongylida
SF: ANcylostomatoidea
Genus: Bunostomomum
```
42
Bonustomum
```
Species names:
Location in host:
Mode of infection:
Clinical Signs:
present in what conditions:
```
- Species:
B. Phlebotamomum (Cattle)
B. Trigonocephalum (Sheep/goats)
- Small intestine
- Mode of infection: skin pen/Ingestion of L3 - lymphatic tracheal
- CS: dark/tarry stool, anemia
- Conditions: present in wet, unsanitary conditions
43
Strongyloides papillosus
```
Phylum
Class
Order
SF:
Genus:
```
```
P: Nemathelminthes
C: Secernetea
O: Rhabditida
SF: Rhabditoidea
Genus: Strongyloides
```
44
Strongyloides papillosus
```
Hosts:
location in host:
what type of eggs
how transmitted
Clinical signs
```
- H: All ruminants
- location: adult female in small intestine; free livingproliferate in moist organic material, straw
- Eggs: larvated eggs in feces
- Trans: skin pen, ingestion, transmammary - skin tracheal
- CS: dermatitis, resp, cardiac signs
45
Toxocara Vitulorum
```
Phylum
Class
Order
SF:
Genus:
```
```
P: Nemathelminthes
C: Secernetea
O: Ascaridae
SF: Ascaroidea
Genus: Toxocara
```
46
Stomoxys Calcitrans
```
common name
Which sex feeds
sucking or sponging
Where they breed
transmit
```
- CN: Stable fly, biting house fly
- Both sexes feed
- piercing/sucking mouthparts
- Breed in poo, hay bails, spilled feed, etc.
47
Toxoplasma gondii-
Nomenclature:
Geographical location:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: Phylum Apicomplexa, Genus Toxoplasma
Geographical location: Cool moist climates
Zoonotic potential: Lg #s in placenta of aborting animals, Undercooked meat with cysts
48
Moniezia
- Common Name
- phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- CN: Broad Tapeworm
- P: Platyhelminths
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophillidea
- F: Anoplocephalidae
- G: Moniezia
49
Moniezia
- Species of Moniezia (& what species they affect):
- local in host:
- IH
- Associated with other Bacteria
- Extras
- Species:
M. Bernedeni - cattle
M. Expansa - sm. ruminant
- Local: Small intestine
- IH: Orbatid Mite
- Associated w: Clostridium Perfrengins Type D
- Extras: tx w/ high dose benzamidazoles, has 4 suckers, no hooks
50
Trichuris, Aoncotheca
- Phylum
- Class:
- Order:
- SF:
- Genus:
- Infective Stage:
- Phylum: Nemathelminthes
- Class: Adenophora
- Order: Enopliad
- SF: Trichuroidea
- Genus: Trichuris, Aoncotheca
- infective stage: L1
51
```
Neospora caninum-
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Prevention/management:
```
Species affected: DH: Canines, IH: Cattle.
Location in host: all tissues.
Clinical signs:
- Acute infection: Abortions- usually mid gestation. Neonatal death, Dummy calves.
- Chronic infection: Sub clinically infected calves with dec immune system.
Prevention/management: Vaccinate in 1st trimester and 3-4 weeks after. Revaccinate every year. Questionable effectiveness.
52
Neospora caninum-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle: similar to toxoplasma gondii
DH: canines.
- Ingests bradyzoites or tachyzoites from aborted placenta/fetus.
- Enteroepithelial cells: merogony, gamogony, and syngamy.
- Oocyst passed in feces
IH: cattle and sm rum
- Ingestion of sporulated oocyst.
- Sporozoites move into tissues and become tachyzoites which move through placenta to brain of fetus.
53
Respiratory system parasites of ruminants
Dictyocaulus viviparus, Dictyocaulus filarial, Protostrongylus rufescens, Mullerius capillaris, Oestrus ovis, Cephenemyia spp.
54
Intestinal Protozoa
| List them:
including flukes
- Giardia Intestinalis
- Cryptosporidium Parvum
- Eimeria
- Fasciola Hepatica
- Fascioloides Magna
- Dirocoelium Dendriticum
- Thysanosoma Actiniosides
55
What non-pathogenic protozoa can contaminate cultures for tritrichomonas Faetus
Pentatrichomonas Hominis
56
What resembles balantidium coli but is non-pathogenic
Buxtonella spp
57
T/F
- Giardia intestinalis infection is common but disease is rare
True
58
Cryptosporidium
How common is infection
what age is diseased
what environment is this most prevalent in
- infection is common
- disease in young ruminants
- confinement situations
59
Giardia Intestinalis
Phylum
Class
Order
What other genus in the same P, C, O
P: Retortamonada
C: Fornicata
O: Diplomonadida
Other Genus: Hexamita
60
Giardia Intestinalis
What age affected:
is disease common or rare in nature:
- Young ruminants effected
| - Rare in nature
61
Cryptosporidium Parvum
- Phylum
- Class
- What age/species
- Clinical signs
- P: Apicomplexa
- C: Cryptosporidium
- age/species: Neonate ruminants
- CS: Profuse, watery diarrhea
62
Cryptosporidium Parvum
```
what conditions is dz present:
tx:
Lifecycle:
sporulated or unsporulated when passed:
how transmitted:
```
- conditions: crowded/weaning
- Tx: supportive for hypothermia/dehydration
- LC: merogony, gamogony, syngamy, sporogony (in enviro, calves, lambs, people pups eat it)
- sporulated transmits
- transmitted: can be aerosolized on food, water or inhaled
63
Eimeria
Phylum:
Class:
Family:
- P: apicomplexa
- C: conoidasida
- F: Eimeriidae
64
Eimeria
```
Host specific?
infection common?
when most prevalent?
Clinical signs:
Lifecycle
```
- Host specific, each species has it's specific host, cell type and local in cell
- common infection, rare disease
- most prev. when stressed (shipping, weaning)
- CS: thickened intestines, may have lesions, may have blood, mucous in stool
- Lifecycle: MUST undergo development in the environment (unlike crypto)
65
Eimeria Zuernii
- Common name
- local in host
- time of yr prevalent
- clinical signs
- lifecycle
- CN: Bovine Coccidiosis, Nervous coccidiosis (seizures)
- Local: ileum, cecum, colon, rectum
- TOY: winter time in calves
- CS: seizures, dysentery, brain swelling
- LC: calf ingests sporulated oocysts
- sporozoites enter lamina propria of SI, cecum colon, undergo morogony
- merogony occurs again in epithelial cells
- gamogony evades immune surveillance in cells
- Oocysts produced by syngomy in epithelial cells of cecum/colon
- un-sporulated oocysts passed in feces
- sporulation occurs in environment
66
Eimeria Bovis and Eimeria Auburnensis may cause WHAT in calves:
Dysentery in calves
67
What do ionophores do
they are coccidiostats and increase feed efficiency
68
small ruminant coccidiosis
- ages infected
- when is disease usually
- resistance info
- all ages infected
- disease usually seen in young, stressed
- earlier the infection, usually the better the resistance
69
Coccidiostats
- what do they do
- what role in resistance
- limits ability to reproduce at normal rate. Doesn't kill but slows it down
- when used, selects for resistance
70
ways to help measure GI parasitism:
List them and what they indicate
- serum protein: (low) loss of protein, failure to resorb
- serum pepsinogen: (high) mechanical dmg to mucosa and leakage from gut
- serum gastrin: (high) level of anorexia
- PCV or hemoglobin: (low) level of anemia
71
ways to measure GI parasitism
Serum protein, pepsinogen, gastrin and PCV, what else do you have to consider:
Have to put it in context:
- worm eggs/cyst forming protozoa
- varies w/species of parasite
- varies w/species of host
- age of host
- tx history
- varies w/season and feed intake
72
Fasciola Hepatica
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
- P: platyhelminthes
- C: trematoda
- O: digenea
73
Fasciola Hepatica
- IH:
- hosts:
- anthelmintics work?
- when transmitted
- acute dz results:
- Chronic dz results:
- IH: rt. handed snails
- Hosts: wide host range, common in cattle
- anthelm. work against adults >12 wks
- transmitted: late autumn to winter, peaks in spring
- acute dz: migration in liver: anemia, bloody tracts in liver, death in 5-6 weeks post infection
- Chronic dz: biliary fibrosis, anemia, ill thrift, jaundice
74
Fasciola Hepatica
- Effects on animal when present:
- chronic infection does what to liver
- how to find eggs
- what liver enzyme elevated in early infections
- lowered feed conversion, repro efficacy
- chronic infection leads to fibrosis in liver
- sedimentation or fluke finder
- elevated liver enzyme: Gamma Glutamate Transaminase (GGT)
75
Fascialoides Magna
```
DH:
IH:
Dead end host:
liver signs:
what does it do in dead end host:
Tx:
Lifecycle:
```
- DH: WT deer, mule deer, elk in cysts
- IH: lymnaeid snails
- DEH: cattle, moose(makes thick wall cysts where eggs can't escape); small ruminants: travels through liver and makes black pigments
- Black tracts in liver
- DEH: migrate in lungs, uterus, elsewhere
- Tx: albendazole 2X's dose, ivermectin + 3-4X's dose
- LC: eggs -miracidium - snail penetration - cercaria - metacercaria ingested by host
76
Dirocoelium Dendriticum
- Common name:
- phylum:
- Class:
- Order:
- Family:
- CN: lancet fluke
- P: platyhelminthes
- C: trematoda
- O: digenea
- F: dicrocoelidae
77
Dirocoelium Dendriticum
- local in host:
- Host:
- Geographic local:
- IH:
- Local: bile ducts
- Host: Sheep (and rum.)
- Geo: Europe/Asia/ NE US
- IH: Landsnail (cionella) AND ant (Formica)
78
Dirocoelium Dendriticum
Lifecycle:
Migration type:
LC:
- egg contains mericidium when passed in feces
- INGESTED by snail
- Cercaria ejected in slime balls (snail spit)
- ingested by ant (encysts in brain)
- ant eats vegetation, temp drops and it hangs on, gets eaten by host (metacercaria)
migration: intestine - bile duct -liver (no physical damage while migrating)
79
Thysanosoma Actinioides
Common name
Host:
IH:
Clinical signs
- CN: fringed tapeworm
- Host: Sheep (sm. rum)
- IH: Psocids (book lice)
- CS: NONE (assoc. w/fungal liver toxicity)
80
Taenia Hydatigena
- Phylum:
- Class:
- Order:
- 2 genuses w/same P, C, O:
- P: Platyhelminthes
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophyllidae
- Genus:
Taenia
Echinococcus
81
Taenia Hydatigena
```
DH:
local of cystercus:
what do larva migrate through:
can cause:
Way to prevent infection:
condemn liver?
```
- DH: Canids
- Local of C.: liver/abdominal cav. of rum/swine
- Migrate through liver
- cause: Blk dz, hemogloninuria
- prevention: don't feed raw offal (organ meat) to dogs
- liver may be condemned
82
Echinococcus Granulosus
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- P: Plathelminthes
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophyllidea
- F: Taeniidae
83
Echinococcus granulosus
```
name of dz:
DH:
IH:
Where cysts located:
thin or thick walled, what do they contain:
treatment:
Prevention:
```
- NOD: Hydatid disease
- DH: Canids
- IH: Ruminants, macropods, swine, humans
- Local of cysts: liver, lung, abdominal cavity
- THICK walled, contain THOUSANDS of protoscoleces
- TX: surgery in humans, then anthelm. none issue in rum. praziquantel in dogs
- prevention: Don't feed raw offal (organ meat) to canids
84
Dictyocaulus vivparus-
Nomenclature:
Geographical location:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: Phylum Nemathelminthes, Class Secernetea, Order Strongylida, SF Trichostrongyloidea, Common name: Lungworm, “hoose dz”.
Geographical location: Humid areas.
Zoonotic potential: None
85
```
Dictyocaulus vivparus-
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Prevention/management:
```
Species affected: Cattle, Red deer, Wapiti (elk), Concentrated calves grazing same pasture as last group of calves, Cattle moved from arid to humid areas.
Location in host: Bronchi, bronchioles, trachea.
Clinical signs: Coughing on exercise, Pulmonary edema, emphysema, pneumonia, Poor doers.
Prevention/management: Foreign vaccine successful in Europe, Need to prevent larval migration, Macrolides.
86
Toxoplasma gondii-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle:
DH: feline.
- Ingests sporulated oocyst or encysted bradyzoite in IH tissue.
- Enteroepithelial cells: merogony, gamogony, and syngamy.
- Oocysts passed in feces.
IH: Sm rum:
- Ingest sporulated oocyst.
- Oocyst transforms to a tachyzoite are engulfed by macrophages.
- Acute phase: Spread to all tissues including placenta and mammary glands. Can be spread to others via tachyzoites in the saliva or semen.
- Chronic phase: Bradyzoites encyst in tissues. Resistant to reinfection.
87
Neospora caninum-
Nomenclature:
Geographical location:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: Phylum Apicomplexa, Genus Neospora.
Geographical location: California, Texas. Related to round bale feeding.
Zoonotic potential: none.
88
Protostrongylus rufescens-
Nomenclature:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: with Parelaphostrongylus, Muellerius.
Phylum Nemathelminthes, Class Secernetea, Order Strongylida, SF Metastrongyloidea.
Zoonotic potential: None.
89
Neospora caninum-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle: similar to toxoplasma gondii
DH: canines.
- Ingests bradyzoites or tachyzoites from aborted placenta/fetus.
- Enteroepithelial cells: merogony, gamogony, and syngamy.
- Oocyst passed in feces
IH: cattle and sm rum
- Ingestion of sporulated oocyst.
- Sporozoites move into tissues and become tachyzoites which move through placenta to brain of fetus.
90
Oestrus ovis, Cephenemyia spp.-
| Nomenclature:
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Arthropoda,
Class Insecta,
Order Diptera,
Superfamily Cyclorrhapha,
Family Oestridae,
Genus Dermatobia, Oestrus, Cephenemyia.
```
91
Protostrongylus rufescens-
Nomenclature:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: with Parelaphostrongylus, Muellerius.
Phylum Nemathelminthes, Class Secernetea, Order Strongylida, SF Metastrongyloidea.
Zoonotic potential: None.
92
Oestrus ovis-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle:
Adult larvaposits near nasal cavity.
Larva crawl into nasal cavity/sinuses and mature.
Return to rostral portion of nasal cavity to be snorted out.
Pupate in soil.
93
Protostrongylus rufescens-
| Life cycle:
```
Life cycle:
IH: snails and slugs.
DH: sheep and goats.
- Ingestion of infected mollusk.
- Lymphotracheal migration.
P. stilesi (bighorn sheep). - Domestic sheep can be carriers.
- Same plus transplacentally.
```
94
Mullerius capillaris-
Nomenclature:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: with Parelaphostrongylus, Protostrongylus, Phylum Nemathelminthes, Class Secernetea, Order Strongylida, SF Metastrongyloidea.
Zoonotic potential: None.
95
Mullerius capillaris-
Species affected:
Location in host:
Species affected: goats.
Location in host: Alveoli and terminal bronchi.
96
Mullerius capillaris-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle:
IH: snails and slugs.
DH: Goats, Lymphatic tracheal migration.
97
Oestrus ovis, Cephenemyia spp.:
| Nomenclature.
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Arthropoda,
Class Insecta,
Order Diptera,
Superfamily Cyclorrhapha,
Family Oestridae,
Genus Dermatobia, Oestrus, Cephenemyia.
```
98
```
Oestrus ovis-
Zoonotic potential:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
```
Zoonotic potential: None, can infect humans but not thru other animals.
Species affected: Sheep, and other mammals.
Location in host: Nasal cavity.
Clinical signs:
- Adult fly: Sheep standing in circles with heads in and noses on the ground.
- Dead larva: mucopurulent discharge leading to damage of epithelium and bone.
99
Oestrus ovis-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle:
Adult larvaposits near nasal cavity.
Larva crawl into nasal cavity/sinuses and mature.
Return to rostral portion of nasal cavity to be snorted out.
Pupate in soil.
100
```
Cephenemyia spp.-
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Life cycle:
```
Species affected: Deer.
Location in host: Pharyngeal pouches.
Clinical signs: Not clinically important.
Life cycle:
Female larvaposits in nostrils.
Larva move into pharyngeal pouches to mature to L3.
L3 sneezed out to pupate in soil.
101
What are the ruminant blood parasites?
Trypanosoma spp. (theileria, brucei, vivax, congolense).
Babesia spp. (bigemina, bovis).
Theileria spp.
102
Trypanosoma spp.
| Nomenclature:
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Euglenozoa.
Order Kinetoplastida.
Family Trypanosomatidae.
Genus Trypanosoma.
```
103
```
Trypanosoma theirleria-
Geographical location:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Prevention/management:
Infection:
```
```
Geographical location: Worldwide.
Species affected: Cattle.
Location in host: Blood.
Clinical signs: Not important.
Infection: Ingestion of infected horse fly (stercorarian).
```
104
N American Trypanosoma spp. and their hosts.
T. theileri- cattle.
T. cervi- deer.
T. melophagium- sheep.
105
Foreign Trypanosoma spp. and their hosts.
T. brucei- humans and other mammals. Tsetse fly.
T. vivax- young ruminants.
T. congolense- cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and camels. Tsetse fly.
106
```
Trypanosoma vivax-
Geographical location:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Infection:
```
Geographical location: S America and Africa.
Species affected: young ruminants.
Location in host: Blood.
Clinical signs: Anemia, ill thrift, fatigue.
Infection: Salivarian transmission from horse fly.
107
Babesia spp.
| Nomenclature:
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Apicomplexa.
Class Aconoidasida.
Order Piroplasmorida.
Genus Babesia.
```
108
Theileria spp.
| Nomenclature:
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Apicomplexa.
Class Aconoidasida.
Order Piroplasmorida.
Genus Theileria.
```
109
```
Babesia bigemina-
Geographical location:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
```
Geographical location: Not in US.
Species affected: Cattle.
Location in host: Blood.
Clinical signs: Fever, hemaglobinuria, anemia, splenomegaly. ONLY see dz in those infected at 6 months or older.
110
Babesia bigemina-
Prevention/management:
LC/ Infection:
Prevention/management: Tick control, premunization in endemic areas, foreign vaccine.
LC/ Infection: Transovarial transmission in Rhipicephalus spp and salivarian to cattle. Can be transmitted mechanically via needle and syringe.
111
```
Babesia bovis-
Geographical location:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
```
Geographical location: Tropical climate.
Species affected: Cattle.
Location in host: Blood.
Clinical signs: Nervous signs due to sticky erythrocytes that aggregate in brain capillaries.
112
Babesia bovis-
Prevention/management:
LC/ Infection:
Prevention/management: Tick control- many are resistant to acaricide, Premunized in endemic areas, Foreign vaccine.
LC/ Infection: High virulence. Salavarian transmission via Rhipicephalus microplus.
113
Theileria spp.
T. parva, T. cervi, T. buffeli
114
```
Theileria spp.-
Geographical location: for each.
Species affected: for each.
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
```
Geographical location, Species affected:
T. parva- E Africa, Cattle via Cape buffalo, 95% mortality.
T. cervi- US, White tailed deer, only dz when stressed.
T. buffeli- E Tx, Cattle, not virulent.
Location in host: Blood.
LC/infection: Tick vector with salavarian transmission.
115
Integument parasites of ruminants.
Stephanofilaria stilesi and Hypoderma spp.
116
```
Stephanofilaria stilesi-
Nomenclature:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
LC/infection:
```
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Nemathelminthes,
Class Secernetea,
Order Spirurida,
SF Filarioidea.
```
Species affected: Cattle.
Location in host: Cutaneous along ventral midline near umbilicus.
Clinical signs: Moist to thick and crusty lesions, not of economic importance.
LC/infection: transmitted by horn fly.
117
```
Hypoderma spp.-
Nomenclature:
Geographical location:
Zoonotic potential:
Species affected:
Location in host:
Clinical signs:
Prevention/management:
Life cycle:
```
```
Nomenclature:
Phylum Arthropoda,
Class Insecta,
Order Diptera,
SF Cyclorrhapha.
```
Location in host: cutaneous.
Clinical signs: Gadding, decreased gain/weight loss, warble holes in leather, decreased economic value of carcass.
Prevention/management:
- Low systemic lvls of ivermectin.
- Systemic organophosphates (If kills grub in esophagus leads to bloat, If kills grub in spinal canal leads to paraplegia).
- Macrolides
- Exposure eventually leads to increased immunity to grub but damage already done.
118
Hypoderma spp.-
| Life cycle:
Life cycle:
Adult attaches eggs to hair on feet.
Larvae hatch and penetrate skin through hair follicle.
Migrate to esophagus.
Chill in esophagus muscle.
Migrate to dorsal mid-line and create a breathing hole.
Mature and pop out of breathing hole to pupate in the environment.
119
Reasons for parasite control and management:
To produce meat, milk, and fiber as economically as possible.
To insure welfare of livestock.
To protect public health.
120
6 strategies to treat and control parasites:
```
Suppressive,
Salvage,
Strategic,
Tactical,
Opportunistic,
Individual.
```
121
```
Suppressive strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: remove parasites from the environment.
Strategy: Treat every 3 weeks or monthly during transmission period.
Problem: Strong selection for anthelmintic resistance, suppresses immune response.
Result: eradication or complete failure.
122
```
Salvage strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: Save the lives of animals with severe disease.
Strategy: Treat only those that are severely diseased.
Problem: Will have continuous issues of severely diseased animals if no other actions are taken to prevent them from getting to that stage.
Result: Does NOT select for anthelmintic resistance. May have substantial economic impact.
123
```
Strategic strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: Provide safe pastures.
Strategy: Treat when:
- most of the worms are in the host and not on pasture.
- at parturition when larvae are arrested and not producing eggs.
- Moving animals onto “safe pastures”.
Problem: Selects for resistance.
Result: Works well in areas where it is only done once a year (such as W Tx). Not for use in E Tx.
124
```
Tactical strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: Prevent parasitic disease.
Strategy: Treat when the potential for parasitic disease is increasing but not yet showing clinical signs.
- * 2 weeks after rainfall.
- * When egg counts pass a certain threshold.
- When moving to safe pastures.
Problem: Still selects for resistance but not as bad.
Results: Lowers pasture contamination and prevents clinical signs.
125
```
Opportunistic strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: Make the owner feel better.
Strategy: Treat for parasites when economic and situations allow.
Problem: Treatment time might not be the most effective time to treat.
Results: Depending of time of treatment with parasite life cycle may reduce parasites or may not affect parasite load at all.
126
```
Individual strategy-
Goal:
Strategy:
Problems:
Results:
```
Goal: Decrease contamination of pastures.
Strategy: Treat only the individuals that are the highest egg shedders. Cull/ don’t breed high shedders.
Problem: Not a good treatment plan for young animals.
Results: Does not select for anthelmintic resistance.
127
Draw backs of each non-anthelmintic control:
Increase diet protein: expensive and hard to ensure the most at risk consume enough.
Fungi: must be fed daily.
Copper oxide wires: narrow therapeutic index.
128
Dairy calf management-
Cryptosporidium parvum:
When is it most important:
How to control it:
When: 1st month of life via contaminated feed and water.
Control: Spread calves out, remove from contaminated environment, supportive treatment.
129
Dairy calf management-
Eimeria spp. :
When is it most important:
How to control it:
When: 1st 3 months of life via contaminated environment.
Control: spread calves out, sanitation, coccidiostats.
130
Dairy calf management-
Cooperia spp., Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi :
How to control it:
Control 1: Spread calves out, rest pasture between groups of calves.
Control 2: Treat with macrolide after 3 weeks on pasture and every 2 months after. Decreases worm load,
Increases resistance to worms,
Selects for resistance.
131
Dairy calf management-
Lice and flies:
How to control it:
Control options:
Macrolide treatment for internal parasites should control lice.
Back rubbers to treat for horn flies.
Sanitation and parasitoids to decrease fly population in environment.
132
Physaloptera spp. and Spirocerca treatment:
Physaloptera: mechanically remove.
Spirocerca: no labeled drugs but anecdotal evidence for milbemycin and moxidectin.
133
Dairy cow management-
Neospora caninum:
How to control it:
Control: keep canine feces away from cattle.
134
Dairy cow management-
Ostertagia ostertagi, Haematobia irritans.
How to control it:
Control: treat during dry periods or at parturition.
| Economic importance: decreases milk production.
135
Dairy cow management-
Nuisance flies:
How to control it:
Control: sanitation and parasitoids.
136
Important parasites in Beef cattle management:
```
Tritrichomonas foetus,
Neospora caninum,
Ostertagia ostertagi,
Haematobia irritan,
Fasciola hepatica,
Fasciola magna,
Lice,
Mite,
Ticks.
```
137
Beef cattle management-
| 6 Factors to consider for parasite control:
```
Resistance on herd basis.
Time and frequency of rainfall.
Time of Ostertagia arrestment.
Fluke presence/load.
Stocking rates (higher = inc risk).
Economics.
```
138
Beef cattle management-
| Factors to consider for anthelmetic treatment:
Timing: depends on rainfall and when Ostertagia arrests.
Priority: 1st calf heifers and bulls.
Suckling calves with Cooperia use Benzimidazole.
Treat calves at weaning or shortly before.
Treat cows with calves >200lbs as geography and management dictates. LongRange drug is good for cows not calves.
Don’t use same product of both cow and calf.
139
Beef cattle management-
Tritrichomonas foetus:
How to control it:
```
Only purchase young bulls.
Test bulls.
Separate bull for heifers and cows.
Vaccinate heifers.
Bred virgin to virgin.
```
140
Beef cattle management-
Neospora caninum:
How to control it:
Discourage dogs, coyotes, and foxes from eating placentas and fetuses.
Remove fetuses and placentas from pasture.
141
Beef cattle management-
Ostertagia ostertagi:
Effects:
How to control it:
Effects: Decrease weight gain, decreased milk production, decreased reproductive efficacy. Usually important in young and old.
Treatment- when arrested and adults. Timing is geographically dependent: S US- Summer, N US- Winter, Mid US- Some in Summer, some in Winter.
142
Beef cattle management-
Haematobia irritans:
Effects:
How to control it:
Effects: decreases weight gain.
How to control it: Ear tags, pour on insecticides/macrolides (resistance), sprays, dust bags. Rotational grazing.
143
Beef cattle management-
Flukes:
Geographic location of species:
How to control it:
Geo:
Gulf coast- both types.
Red river- fasciola hepatica.
Navasota river bottoms- fasciola magna.
Control: control snails.
Hepatica: Ivermectin, Albendazole (don’t give in 1st month of pregnancy).
Magna: treatment only helps extend cow life a bit but no change in environment contamination.
144
Beef cattle management-
Ectoparasites:
When are which important:
Lice and mites in winter.
Ticks in winter or spring and summer.
145
Important parasites in stocker calves:
Ostertagia- most important.
Cooperia- most numerous.
Haemonchus- death loss in high density Summer grazing.
146
Stocker calf management:
| Anthelmentic treatment strategy:
Anthelmintic before release to seasonal pasture.
Before and after release the permanent pastures.
Macrocyclic lactones for Cooperia.
147
What cattle are the most at risk for anthelmentic resistance and disease?
Stocker cattle.
148
Important parasites in small ruminants:
Haemonchus contortus,
Trichostrongylus colubriformis,
Flukes,
Brain worms.
149
```
Small ruminant management-
Haemonchus:
Importance:
Control:
Season of prevelance:
```
Importance: Most important due to death loss.
Control: Check for resistance in herd and check before you buy.
Season of prevelance: Warm seasons.
150
```
Small ruminant management-
Trichostrongylus colubriformis:
Common name:
Importance:
Season of prevelance:
```
Common name: Black scour or bankrupt worm.
Importance: Weaning to 1 year.
Season of prevelance: Cool seasons.
151
Small ruminant management-
Flukes and brain worms:
Importance:
Importance: When present they are devastating.
152
Anthelmintic resistance levels:
Haemonchus:
Trichostrongylus:
Cooperia:
Haemonchus- high resistance.
Trichostrongylus- increasing resistance.
Cooperia- increasing resistance especially in macrolides.
153
Anthelmintic administration sins:
```
Buy worms.
Attempt to eradicate worms.
Treating more than necessary.
Under dosing.
Treating goats or deer with sheep or cattle dose (same as under dosing).
Rotation of anthelmintics.
```
154
Importance of FERT:
Definition:
Follow up test:
FERT: fecal egg reduction test.
Importance: indicates anthelmintic efficacy.
Definition: Mean diff of FEC in population at treatment and 2 weeks later.
Follow up: ID worms species on both tests.
155
Refugia:
Definition:
Importance:
Definition: population of worms not exposed to anthelmintics on pasture, in host, and in hosts not treated.
Importance: Dilutes resistance genes.
156
4 ways of non-anthelmintic control:
Increase protein intake to increase immune responsiveness.
Condensed tannins to destroy larvae in rumen (Quebracho, Sainfoin, Chicory, Sericea lespedeza, Birdsfoot trefoil).
Nematophagous fungi to destroy lava in feces.
Copper oxide wires to kill Haemonchus.
157
Draw backs of each non-anthelmintic control:
Increase diet protein: expensive and hard to ensure the most at risk consume enough.
Fungi: must be fed daily.
Copper oxide wires: narrow therapeutic index.
158
Cat and dog parasites of GI tract:
Spirocerca lupi,
| Physaloptera rara,
159
```
Spirocerca lupi-
Superfamily:
Hosts:
Geography:
Clinical signs:
```
Superfamily: Spiruroidea.
Hosts:
- DH: dog, wild canids.
- IH: beetles.
- PH: variety.
Geography: S US, Caribbean islands.
Clinical signs: chronic vomiting associated with eating, progressive weight loss, disrupted peristalsis, esophageal dmg (granulomatous megaesophagus). Rarely aortic aneurysm or rupture. Related to boney changes and neoplasis.
160
Spirocerca lupi-
Life cycle:
Diagnosis:
Life cycle:
Adult in nodules of esophagus.
Eggs shed into feces larvated.
Beetle infected then paratenic host may consume beetle.
Dog ingests beetle or paratenic host.
Stomach to aorta to esophagus migration.
Diagnosis: Small oblong, larvated eggs obtained on fecal sedimentation. False negatives are possible due to poor egg production. Radiography or endoscopy.
161
```
Physaloptera spp.
Superfamily:
Hosts:
LC type:
Prepatency:
Diagnosis:
```
Superfamily: Spiruroidea.
Hosts:
- DH: dog, cat, and other carnivores.
- IH: arthropods (dung beetles).
LC type: indirect.
Prepatency: 8-12 weeks.
Diagnosis: Fecal sedimentation (hard to find sm larvated eggs), endoscopy.
162
Physaloptera spp. and Spirocerca treatment:
Physaloptera: mechanically remove.
Spirocerca: no labeled drugs but anecdotal evidence for milbemycin and moxidectin.
163
Thelazia
```
Common name
Phylum
Class
Order
SF
```
- CN: eye worm
- P: nemathelminthes
- C: Secernetea
- O: Spirurida
- SF: Spiruroidea
164
Thelazia
- Host:
- local in host:
- IH:
- what else does IH transmit:
- Dz:
- Local: conjuctival sac
- Host: Cattle/ruminants
- IH: Flies (musca Autumnalis)
- Transmits: Moraxella Bovis (Keratoconjunctivitis)
- NO disease, may be seen in eye
165
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis
```
Common name:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
SF:
```
- CN: Meningeal Worm
- Phylum: Nemathelminthes
- Class: Secernetea
- Order: Strongylida
- SF: Metastrongyloidea
166
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis
Host:
IH:
Migration Type:
TX:
- Host: WT deer (small rum, llamas, alpacas)
- IH: Snail/slug
- migration: spinal cord to brain to venous sinuses in cranium
- TX: Ivermectin every 3 wks - kill larva before enter spinal cord
Doramectin even longer effects about 6-8wks
167
Taenia Multiceps
- Phylum:
- Class:
- Order:
- Family:
- P: platyhelminthes
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophyllidae
- F: Taeniidae
168
Taenia Multiceps
- where are larva
- DH:
- Geographic local
- Dz name:
- Tx:
- Larva in coenurus in sheep brain
- DH: Canids
- Geo: UK and Cali.
- Dz name: Sturdy or Gid
- Tx: surgical removal, treat canids
169
Taenia Saginata
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- P: Platyhelminthes
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophyllidea
- F: Taeniidae
170
Taenia Saginata
```
DH:
IH:
Local of Cystecercus:
Kind of loss:
TX:
```
- DH: humans
- IH: Cattle
- local of cyst: mm of cows
- loss: economic loss (trim, freeze, dip carcas)
- TX: treat the ppl, get rid of human excreta
171
Taenia Ovis
```
Local of larva:
DH:
IH:
anything happen to carcas?
TX:
```
- local: cystercercus in mm of sheep
- DH: Canids
- IH: Sheep
- Carcass condemned due to aesthetics
- Tx: dogs w/praziquantel/epsiquantel
172
Lifecycle of Taenia
- Gravid proglottids shed from host
- crawl away and release eggs
- cow/sheep ingest eggs
- onchosphere goes to mm where cystecercus produced
- ingestion of rare beef containing cystecercus
- attaches in small intestine via suckers, produces proglottids
173
Sarcocystus
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- P: Apicomplexa
- C: Conoidasida
- O: Eucoccidiorida
- F: Sarcocystidae
174
Sarcocystus spp.
Lifecycle
CS
- Bradyzoites in cysts ingested by predator
- sporulated sporocysts passed in feces (have 4 sporozoites in each)
- Sporocyst ingested by ruminants
- sporozoites to endothelial cells, meronts formed
- merozoites to mm form cyst, actively divide, later bradyzoites in cysts
CS: infects endothelial cells, cardiac mm. abortsions, wt. loss, loss of hair, lymphanopathy
175
Tritrichomonas Foetus
```
Phylum:
Family:
local:
CS and when:
who clears and who doesn't
```
- P: Parabasalia
| - F: Trichomonadidae
176
Banfield data on prevalence of parasites in dogs:
Toxocara > Ancylostoma > Trichuris.
| Higher prevalence in young dogs and in S central US.
177
Antech data on prevalence of parasites in dogs:
Protozoa > helminths.
Higher prevalence in young dogs.
MidW > W > NE > S
178
National prevalence survey of parasites in dogs:
Helminths > protozoa.
| SE > MidW > NE > W.
179
Banfield data on prevalence of parasites in cats:
Roundworms > hookworms.
| Higher prevalence in young.
180
National prevalence survey data on prevalence of parasites in cats:
Ascarids and coccidia most problematic.
| Ancylostoma most common in SE.
181
Tritrichomonas foetus
- local of protozoa
- clinical signs and when
- who clears infection, who remains carriers
- Location: Repro tract, uterus of cows; mucous membranes or semen in bulls (prepuce or penis)
- CS: abortion of cows at around 4 months
- Clears: most cows clear the infection after 1st abortion, some young bulls can clear.
- Chronic: few cows go chronic and older bulls can't clear
182
Tritrichomos Foetus
- Lifecycle
- LC: breeding/semen contains trophozoites
- collected from infected bull and inseminated into female
- chronic bull, AI semen in liquid nitrogen
- heifer bred, organisms in uterus
- repro via binary fision
- female: abortion, self cure
- male: chronic carrier trophozoites in mucous membr. of prepuce or penis
- trophozoites repro via binary fision
183
tritrichomonas Foetus
- Treatment:
- Diagnosis:
- What do you breed to what
- What's required to be tested
-
- Tx: None, but there is a vaccine (trichguard)- vacc. 2x's at 2-4 wk intervals and annually, 4 weeks prior to breeding - vaccine may lower incidence of dz
- Dx: Culture or PCR organism
- Breed:
- breed infected bulls to prev. infected cows
- breed virgin bulls to virgin heifers
- bulls before sale except for slaughter. 2 neg. tests at least 7 days apart required for bulls to be sold for interstate (between states) breeding
184
what's the most important species of trichostrongylus genus in Tx and why?
- Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
| - B/c it causes black scour in goats
