Test 2 Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
Which protein in the red blood cell membrane appears to be responsible for the repelling forces that prevent RBCs from sticking to each other?
A
Glycophorin A
2
Q
Muscular dystrophy is caused by:
A
mutations in the dystrophin gene
3
Q
Membrane proteins are most likely analyzed to determine:
A
amino acid sequence
4
Q
When looking for membrane spanning polypeptide sequences, cell biologists look for:
A
predominantly hydrophobic amino acids that form an α helix
5
Q
Oligosaccharides are:
A
chains of fewer than 15 sugars.
6
Q
What determines the difference between a person with O type blood and AB type blood?
A
The individual with AB type blood has genes for two enzymes that the person with O type blood does not.
7
Q
Which of the following lowers the transition temperature of a membrane?
A
increasing unsaturation of fatty acids and shortening fatty acids.
8
Q
Cells use desaturase enzymes to increase membrane fluidity in response to:
A
low temperature
9
Q
The two leaflets of a cellular membrane:
A
have different mixes of lipids
10
Q
Membrane fluidity is important for which of the following activities?
A
Allowing cell secretion to occur.
11
Q
Using fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching allowed cell biologist to observe:
A
the diffusion of membrane proteins back into the bleached area.
12
Q
Which statement about lipid movement within the phospholipid bilayer is true?
A
Lipids jump from one compartment to another to move laterally across the cell.
13
Q
Which of the following involves the transport of a specific molecule across a membrane with the aid of a carrier protein, and additional energy input?
A
active transport
14
Q
The diffusion of an electrolyte across a membrane is affected by:
A
both the concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient
15
Q
Which statement about membrane permeability is true?
A
Non polar molecules penetrate faster than polar ones.
16
Q
A cell shrinks when it is placed into a new solution. The new solution is probably:
A
hypertonic
17
Q
The pump that uses ATP energy to concentrate protons into a lysosome is an example of a:
A
V-pump.
18
Q
The Na+/K+ ATPase expels out of the cell and pumps into the cell.
A
Na+/K+.
19
Q
People who are heterozygous for the CFTR protein may be more likely to survive cholera because:
A
heterozygous individuals have thicker mucus which may help prevent dehydration
20
Q
Why can’t Na+ ions pass through the bacterial KcsA K+ channel?
A
Na+ ions are too small to replace the shell of hydration formed around the oxygen rings.
21
Q
What part of the bacterial KcsA K+ channel undergoes conformational changes to allow the channel to open and close?
A
the M2 helices
22
Q
The inner membrane of an axon goes from -80mV to +40mV during a wave of depolarization. What membrane protein is responsible for this depolarization?
A
voltage-gated Na+ channels
23
Q
During saltatory conduction, depolarization occurs:
A
at the nodes of Ranvier
24
Q
______ trigger fusion of synaptic vesicles with the synaptic membranes of the pre synaptic cell. These vesicles release ________ into the synapse.
A
Ca2+ ions, neurotransmitters
25
Which of the following inhibits acetylcholinesterase?
nerve gas
26
What is the affect of curare on a mammal?
It causes muscle paralysis.
27
Electrophoresis can be used to:
determine the number of peptides that make up a protein
28
Put the following in the correct order of appearance of organisms on the planet Earth from first to last: aerobes, anaerobes, cyanobacteria
anaerobes, cyanobacteria, aerobes
29
Which of the following is not evidence that mitochondria evolved from ancient aerobic bacteria?
Bacteria and mitochondria have about the same number of genes.
30
What would you expect to find in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
high proton concentration
31
Pyruvate is made at the ________.
end of glycolysis.
32
Electrons that move from glycolysis to the ETC through the Glycerol phosphate shuttle move:
from NADH in the cytosol to FAD in the mitochondria.
33
The tricarboxylic acid cycle is connected to:
the fatty acid cycle.
34
Which statement about the TCA cycle is false?
Products of the cycle include NAD+ and FAD+
35
Which statement about the flow of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is true?
Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) gets electrons from NADH.
36
Which component of the ETC has two hydrophobic proteins inside the bilayer and succinate dehydrogenase outside?
Complex II.
37
Strong oxidizing agents:
have high affinity for electrons.
38
The reduced state of ubiquinone carries:
two H+ and two e-
39
The binuclear center of cytochrome oxidase accepts __________, ___________and __________, and then produces ____________.
4 electrons, 4 protons, and an oxygen molecule: 2 water molecules.
40
Cytochrome oxidase contains a:
heme group and a copper atom.
41
The battery like energy that is stored in the mitochondria consists of:
voltage gradient and pH gradient
42
Brown adipose can create lots of heat by:
uncoupling glucose oxidation and ADP phosphorlyation
43
What part(s) of the ATP synthase allows hydrogen ion to move across the inner membrane?
The two half channels and the c peptides.
44
What parts of the ATP synthase rotate?
The γ peptide and the c subunits.
45
In an experiment that provided evidence for rotation of the ATP synthase being involved in ATP synthesis, a magnetic bead was attached to the γ peptide. What provided the energy for rotation during this experiment?
a revolving magnetic field
46
The mechanism of proton driven ATP synthesis involves:
movement of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the matrix
47
The enzyme found in peroxisomes that breaks down H2O2 is called:
catalase
48
Which of the following is true about both mitochondria and peroxisomes?
They both import proteins from the cytosol.
49
Which of the following lowers the transition temperature of a membrane?
- increasing/decreasing unsaturation of fatty acids
- adding to/shortening fatty acids
increasing unsaturation of fatty acids and shortening fatty acids
50
People who are heterozygous for the CFTR protein may be more likely to survive cholera because:
heterozygous individuals have thicker mucus which may help prevent dehydration
51
Which technique would be the best for determining the number of polypeptides in a protein?
detergent extraction and affinity chromatography
52
Which of the following uses energy from ATP without forming a phosphate-protein intermediate?
P-pump or V-pump
V-pump
53
How do some membrane proteins move within the membrane?
Randomly, confined to a specific area
54
The following factors important for what?
1. Form extensive, interconnected and unbroken networks
2. Allow for fusion and budding which are important for fertilization, vesical and organelle formation, endocytosis, and secretion
3. Change shape to accommodate movement and cell division
4. Maintain internal composition of the cell
the bilayer for membrane activities.
55
______ (_______) are a type of lipid membrane with a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)
56
______ is a sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
Sphingolipid
57
If a phosphoryl choline is attached to a sphingosine, what molecule is present?
the phospholipid sphingomyelin
58
If a sugar or sugar cluster is attached to a sphingosine, what molecule is present?
a glycolipid
59
_____ has four rings oriented into the bilayer, the hydroxyl is to the surface.
Cholesterol
60
_____ are fluid-filled spherical vesicles made by mixing phospholipids with water.
Liposomes
61
Liposomes are used to: (3)
study membrane protein function, deliver drugs, deliver DNA
62
_____ _____ ______ are amphipathic, embeddedin the bilayer, and they function as surface receptors, channels, and transporters.
Integral membrane proteins
63
_____ _____ _____ are associate with the membrane by weak electrostatic bonds, are usually on the side. Some can remain on the surface, some come and go from the surface, and some penetrate the bilayer.
Peripheral membrane proteins
64
___ ____ ___ ____ are covalently bound, usually to the outside surface. They function as receptors, enzymes, and cell-adhesion proteins,
Lipid anchored membrane proteins
65
_____ ____ is an integral membrane protein. It is a channel that allows movement of Cl- and HCO3- in and out of the cell.
Band 3
66
______ ____ has oligosaccharides outside that make RBCs repel each other.
Glycophorin A
67
The protozoan that causes _____ attaches to Glycophorin A.
malaria
68
______ is a fibrillar membrane skeleton that dertermines the biconcave disk shape. It is a peripheral protein.
Spectrin
69
_____ is the peripheral protein that links spectrin covalently to the inside surface of the plasma membrane.
Ankyrin
70
Dystrophin is a member of the spectrin family of proteins that is found in the membranes of _____ ____.
muscle cells
71
Mutations in _____ are the cause of muscular dystrophy.
dystrophy
72
Solubilizing integral membrane proteins requires _____ to disrupt the membrance and to bring the surface of the _____ and _____ together.
detergents, protein, water
73
Proteins can be analyzed to determine what? (3)
amino acid sequence, molecular mass, and amino acid composition.
74
____ ____ ____ can be determined by finding sequences of 20 predominantly nonpolar amino acids which could span the core of the bilayer forming an alpha helix.
Trans membrane domains
75
Each membrane protein has a defined orientation relative to the _____.
cytoplasm
76
_____ are short chains of sugars that usually project the outside of the cell.
Oligosaccharides
77
All of the glycolipids of membrane lipids are on the _____ surface.
outer
78
______ is concentrated in the inner leaflet of membrane lipids giving it a net negative charge.
Phosphatidylserine
79
For every 3 Na+ pumped out of the membrane, ____ K+ are pumped in.
2
80
An ______ is a chain of fewer than 15 sugars.
oligosaccharide
81
______ are membrane proteins with oligosaccharides attached. ______ and ____ linkages attach the oligosaccharide to the protein.
Glycoproteins, N-glycodidic and N-acetylglucosamine
82
Oligosaccharides attach to _________ which determines A, B, O, blood types. _____ different enzymes attach different terminal sugars to the oligosaccharide.
Glycolipids, two
83
_________ _______ is the point where a membrane changes from liquid to a gel.
Transition temperature
84
Transition temperature depends on a ____________.
membrane's ability to pack its lipids together.
85
If lipids are packed in tight, the transition is at a _____ temperature than when they are packed loosely.
higher
86
______ unsaturation and ______ the fatty acid chains lowers the transition temperature.
Increasing, shortening
87
What does unsaturation mean? what is there?
A carbon, carbon double bond.
88
Unsaturation cause _____ in the fatty acid tail.
a kink
89
_____ ____ are gelled areas of cholesterol and phosphoglycerides.
Lipid rafts
90
______ _______ remains high at a lower temperature with greater degrees of fatty acid unsaturation.
Membrane fluidity
91
Cells respond to _____ temperature with desaturase enzymes which desaturate (unsaturated) fatty acids of the bilayer.
lower
92
Adjustments in fatty acid composition have been demonstrated in what 4 things?
hibernating mammals, pond dwelling fish, cold-resistant plants, and thermophiles
93
Membrane fluidity allows what 7 things?
interactions to occur in membranes, membrane assembly, cell movement, cell growth, formation of intracellular junctions, secretion, and endocytosis/fission/exocytosis.
94
How does membrane fluidity allow interactions to occur in membranes?
Proteins float, bump into each other, and react
95
How does membrane fluidity allow membrane assembly?
able to add "stuff" to the membrane
96
Cell walls are ____ and ___ ____ while cell membranes allow _____.
rigid, don't move, movement
97
What are the two techniques for measuring diffusion of membrane proteins?
1. Fusion of two cells with different fluorescently labeled proteins
2. Fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching. Bleaching is done with a laser.
98
What are the four types of membrane protein movement?
Slow random movement throughout, no movement, directed movement with aid of motor proteins, random movement within confined area
99
Of the four types of membrane protein movement, which moves the protein through or across the cell?
Slow random movement throughout and directed movement with aid of motor proteins
100
Of the four types of membrane protein movement, which moves the protein within the cell?
random movement within confined area
101
The apical plasma membrane helps regulate _____ and ____ _____ and _____ ____.
nutrient and water intake, secretion protection
102
The lateral plasma membrane aids in cell ____ and ____ and cell ______.
contact and adhesion, communication
103
The basal membrane aids in ________ _____ and generation of _____ ______.
cell-stratum contact, ion gradients
104
______ ______ of lipids are rapid, moving quickly within a compartment, before jumping into another compartment. Movement across a bacterial cell occurs in ______ while movement across to the other leaflet takes _____ or _____.
Lateral diffusion, one or two seconds, hours or days
105
What four ways can substances move across membranes?
simple diffusion, diffusion through an aqueous channel, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
106
Simple diffusion is _____ and _____. Molecules go from _____ concentration to ____ concentration until the concentration inside is ____ ____ the that on the outside.
random and passive, high to low, equal to
107
Diffusion through an aqueous channel or ____ is _____. _____ goes through.
poron, passive, everything
108
Facilitated diffusion is _____, but substances have to be the ____ ____ and ____. Here there is _____ interaction.
passive, right shape and size, protein
109
Active transport has _____ interaction and is the only type of movement across the membrane that uses ______.
protein, energy
110
Diffusion rater of a non electrolyte depends on ______.
concentration
111
Diffusion rater of an electrolyte depends on _________ and ________ _______.
concentration and electrochemical gradient
112
What two factors affect membrane permeability?
Partition coefficient and size of molecules
113
______ ______ is the measure of the polarity/ration of time spent in polar/nonpolar solvent.
Partition coefficient
114
_____ molecules penetrate faster than _____ ones.
Smaller, larger
115
What happens to cells placed in a hypotonic medium?
There is a net water gain and the cell swells.
116
What happens to cells placed in a hypertonic solution?
There is a net water loss and the cell shrinks.
117
What happens to cells placed in a isotonic medium?
There is no net loss or gain. The solvent and solute in the cell is equal to the outside.
118
______ is the breaking of plasma membrane connections.
Plasmolysis
119
With a ______, hydrolysis of ATP transfers a phosphate to the protein causing a conformational change.
P-pump
120
_______ use ATP without forming a phosphate-protein intermediate.
V-pumps
121
________ is where light energy induces conformation change that pumps a proton.
Bacteriorhodopsin
122
An example of a P-pump is the ___________.
Sodium/Potassium Pump
123
An example of a _____ is a protein similar to the ATP synthase that pumps protons into the lysosome.
V-pump
124
An example of bacteriorhodopsin is _____________.
blue green algae
125
The Na+/K+ ATPase is oriented to pump ____ out and ____ into the cell.
Na+, K+
126
Phosphorylation of the Na+/K+ ATPase causes a _________________________________.
conformational change in the protein that expels the Na+ outside the cell
127
Cystic fibrosis is an ______ ______ caused by a defective _____ _____ which controls the movement of ions across mucus membranes.
inherited disease, CFTR protein
128
__________ ________leads to decreased fluid bathing the epithelial cells of the respiratory lining caused by abnormal flux of Cl-, HCO3-, and Na+. This causes increase mucus viscosity (thickness) and impairs cilia.
CFTR deficiency
129
_______ ________ binds to the extra cellular end of the CFTR protein, which may lead to its ingestion and destruction.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
130
The _____ _____bacterium is a leading cause of death of cystic fibroses patients.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
131
The heterozygous CFTR condition may confer an advantage from the _____ and/or _______.
effects of cholera, typhoid fever
132
How do the effects of cholera help prevent CF?
Thinker mucus in the intestine will keep you from dehydrating.
133
How does typhoid fever help prevent CF?
The salmonella bacteria attaches to the CFTR protein to enter
134
The _______ _____ __ _______ and the __________ ________________ __ _______are virtually identical.
bacterial KcsA K+ channel and the eukaryotic voltage-regulated K+ channel
135
In K+ channels, portions of the ____ _____ make the the channel K+ selective.
P segments
136
In K+ channels, conformational changes in the ___ ___ control channel gating.
M2 helices
137
In K+ channels, an _____ _____ dangles from the cytoplasmic side.
inactivation peptide
138
In K+ channels, the size of the channel made by the P segment is just large enough so K+ can __________________________________.
replace the shell of hydration formed around the oxygen rings
139
When a third K+ moves into the KcsA K+ channel, the K+ at the opposite end is ______________.
ejected into the cell
140
What opens the KcsA K+ channel by causing a conformational change in the M2 helices which hinge open at the cytoplasmic side?
Low pH
141
_____ _____ is the voltage between the inside and outside of a cell.
Resting potential
142
The __________ pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.
Na+/K+ ATPase
143
What prevents K+ from leaking out of the membrane?
electrical potential
144
______ ______ is the change in a membrane potential.
Action potential
145
What 5 things cause an action potential?
1. Depolarization to threshold
2. Voltage-gated sodium channels open and inner membrane that becomes +40mV.
3. Sodium channels inactivate.
4. Voltage-gated potassium channels open, and membrane potential swings back to -80mV.
5. Potassium channels close due to -80mV.
146
A _____ _____ is the action potential at one point that affects the next adjacent site.
nerve impulse
147
A _______ ________ is where action potentials jump from one nodes of Ranvier to the next.
salutatory conduction
148
____ _____ cover much of the axon so only the nodes of Ranvier need to have action potentials generated.
Myelin sheaths
149
During a nerve impulse, ATP is only used where?
at the nodes of Ranvier
150
Actions of drugs on synapses: 1. _____ _____inhibits acetylcholinesterase. 2. _____ inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. 3. Cocaine interferes with the reuptake of _____. 4. _______ prevents the release of neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and hypothalamus affecting memory, motor coordination, and appetite, respectively.
Nerve gas, Prozac, dopamine, Marijuana
151
With the acetylcholine receptor, curare causes skeletal muscle paralysis without stopping ______ _____ or stopping _____________________.
nerve impulses, muscle contraction from outside stimulation
152
______ can stimulate muscle contraction, but _____ can stop nicotine.
Nicotine, curare
153
A __________ ______must carry nerve signal to the muscle.
chemical transmitter
154
In the acetylcholine receptor, a chemical collected from a stimulated vagus nerve can ____________________.
slow the rate of a second heart
155
Acetylcholine is a ___________.
neurotransmitter
156
________ blocks the neurotransmitter receptor.
Curare
157
The electric organs of a fish were found to be rich in ___________ and ______________(nAChR).
acetyl cholinesterase and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
158
What does isolation of nAChR do for us? (2 things)
1. Membrane proteins were extracted using detergent
2. Proteins were passed through an affinity chromatography column coated with an acetylcholine analogue, and assayed with alpha-bungarotoxin.
159
Protein structure in the acetylcholine receptor was determined to be a pentamer made of two alphas, one delta, one beta, and one gamma using _____________ ___ _________.
polyacrylaminde gel electrophoresis
160
Incorporation of nAChR into artificial lipid vesicles produced an ___________________________.
influx of ions with acetylcholine binding
161
_____________, ___________, and _____________ studies have determined the locations of the proteins neurotransmitter binding site, ion channel, and membrane spanning portion.
Purification of the gene, amino acid sequencing, and site-directed mutational
162
Cell biologist can make predictions about shape by looking at ____________ ________.
amino acids
163
Evolution of Oxidative Metabolism: 1st ____________ 2nd __________ 3rd __________
anaerobes, cyanobacteria, aerobes
164
Anaerobes are involved in _______ and ________.
glycolysis and fermintation
165
_______________ is photosynthesis with O2 production and release
Cyanobacteria
166
_________ complete oxidation of foodstuffs with O2 to CO2 and H2O.
Aerobes
167
Porins are found in the _____ _____ of mitochondria.
outer membrane
168
Cristae are found in the _______ ________ of mitochondria.
inner membrane
169
ATP synthase and electron transport takes place in the ____ ______ of mitochondria.
inner membrane
170
In the _______ _________ of mitochondria, there is a high concentration of protons.
intermembrane space
171
The _______ of a mitochondria is like the cytoplasm.
matrix
172
Circular DNA and 70s ribosomes are found in the ______ of mitochondria.
matrix
173
The TCA cycle (also known as the Kerbs cycle or citric acid cycle) takes place in the ______ of mitochondria.
matrix
174
___________ is the enzyme pathway that breaks down glucose to from ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
Glycolysis
175
Where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm
176
Steps 1-3 of glycolysis add ______ from two ATPs to the _______ molecule.
phosphates, glucose
177
Steps 4 and 5 of glycolysis produce _____ _________ _______ molecules per glucose.
two glyceraldehyde phosphate
178
Steps 6-10 of glycolysis produce 4 ________, 2 ____, and 2 ________ per glucose.
ATPs, NADHs, pyruvates
179
In glycolysis, the pyruvate is transported to the _____, decarboxylated and an ______ group is formed and fed into the TCA cycle.
matrix, acetyl
180
_____ cannot enter the matrix.
NADH
181
The __________ __________ moves electron from NADH in the cytosol to NAD+ in the matrix.
malate-aspartate shuttle
182
The _________ _______ moves electron to FAD
glycerolphosphate shuttle
183
The ____ ____is the central pathway in energy metabolism.
TCA cycle
184
The TCA cycle is connected to what 4 processes?
1. Glycolysis
2. The fatty acid cycle
3. Amino acid metabolism
4. The electron transport chain
185
______-twitch muscles fibers have very few mitochondria, while _____-twitch muscle fibers have a large amount of mitochondria.
Fast, slow
186
______-twitch muscle fibers contract slower with less force, while _____-twitch muscle fibers contract more rapidly with more force.
Slow, fast
187
What muscle fibers produce almost all of their ATP anaerobically?
Fast-twitch
188
Which muscle fibers are good for weight lifting and sprints?
Fast-twitch
189
Which muscle fibers function for long time periods?
Slow-twitch
190
Less ATP is made per glucose but it is made faster in _______-twitch muscle fibers.
Fast
191
Slow-twitch muscle fibers are good for ______ ________.
aerobic exercises
192
Slow-twitch muscle fibers depend on _____ ____ from _____ tissue after a few minutes.
fatty acids, adipose
193
Fast-twitch muscle fibers can cause fatigue due to ____________ and ____________.
loss of glucose and lactic acid build-up
194
The ______ converts lactic acid back to glucose.
liver
195
Fast twitch muscle fibers burn ______ while slow-twitch muscle fibers burn _________.
sugars, fats
196
The TCA cycle provides most of the electrons to the _______.
electron transport chain
197
In step one of the TCA cycle, ________ + ________ produce citrate.
coA + oxaloacetate
198
Other than succinate dehydrogenase, of the TCA cycle's enzymes are ______ in the ______.
soluble in the matrix
199
____, _________, and _____ are produced in the TCA cycle.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and CO2 waste (3 CO2 that came from the pyruvate??)
200
Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) of the ETC transfers a _____ ____ _____ from NADH to ubiquinone while pumping ____ _____.
pair of electrons, four protons
201
Complex II of the ETC feeds ______ from succinate to ____ and then to _______.
electrons, FAD, ubiquinone
202
Ubiquinone of the ETC transfers electrons to _______ ___.
complex III
203
Complex three of the ETC transfers electrons from ubiqinol to _______ _, while pumping _____ _____.
cytochrome C, 4 protons
204
Complex IV of the ETC transfers electrons from cytochrome C to _____ while pumping ___ _____.
oxygen, two protons
205
______ is the smallest ETC electron carrier.
Ubiquinone
206
The ETC electron carrier with the most FE is what?
Complex I
207
Complex II of the ETC has _____ hydrophobic proteins in the bilayer and succinate dehydrogenase ______.
two, outside
208
Complex ___, ___, and ___ of the ETC accept both electrons and protons.
I, III, IV
209
Complex II, ubiquinone, and cytochrome C of the ETC accept only _____.
electrons
210
The oxidize state of ubiquinone and FMN carries no __ or _____.
H+ or electrons
211
The ________ state of ubiquinone and FMN carries one H+ and one e-.
Semiquinone
212
The reduced state of ubiquinone and FMN carries __ __ and ___ ___.
two H+ and two e-
213
____ ___ is the binuclear center of cytochrome oxidase.
Complex IV
214
Cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) is a redox center consisting of a _____ ____ and a _____ ____.
heme group and copper atom
215
Complex IV (Cytochrome Oxidase) accepts __ ____, an ___ _______, and ___ ____.
4 electrons, an O2 molecule, and 4 protons (H+)
216
After complex four accepts 4 electrons, an O2 molecule, and 4 protons, it then produces ____ _____ _________.
two water molecules.
217
Cytochrome oxidase contributes to the proton gradient by (2)?
pumping four protons and consuming four protons in making two water molecules
218
Greater redox potential differences between carriers results in .
greater free energy release when electrons are transferred
219
Proton-move force =
electrochemical gradient
220
pH gradient (_____)=
protons, concentration gradient
221
An ________ ________ (voltage) occurs when there is a negative charge on one side and a positive charge on the other.
electrical gradient
222
_________ of the inner membrane can affect the contribution of pH vs. electrical gradient.
Permeability
223
If Cl- moves with the proton, the _______ gradient is affected but not the ____ gradient.
electrical, pH
224
___________ combines with protons and carries them across the inner membrane, uncoupling glucose oxidation and ADP phosphorylation.
2,4-dinitrphenol
225
______ _____ tissue has natural uncoupling proteins.
Brown adipose
226
Brown adipose tissue is found in ____ and the ____ and ___ _____ __ ____.
infants and the necks and upper chest of adults
227
__________ ________ ______ waste energy creating heat.
Brown adipose tissue
228
The spherical F1 head of ATP synthase structure is made of alternating ___ and ___ _____with the ____ ______ running through the middle.
alpha and beta peptides gama peptide
229
The Fo portion of the ATP synthase structure is made of _____ ______ imbedded in the membrane.
three polypeptides
230
During ATP synthesis, a proton form the intermembrane space enters a __________________________.
half-channel within an a subunit
231
When a proton binds to an acidic residue on a c subunit causing a conformational change that moves the ring ____ degrees.
30
232
The proton is ATP synthesis is carried a full circle and released into the matrix by a ____________.
second half channel
233
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are both formed by _________________________________.
splitting from preexisting organelles
234
Peroxisomes and mitochondria both import protein from the _______.
Cytosol
235
Peroxisomes and mitochondria both engage in a similar type of ___________ _____________.
oxidative metabolism
236
________ are single membrane, mitochondria are not.
Peroxisomes
237
Peroxisomes contain a dense crystalline core of _________ ____________.
oxidative enzyme
238
95% of peptides in the mitochondrial respiratory chain are encoded by nuclear genes, but most serious disorders are caused by genes encoded by ____________.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
239
Where do we get our mitochondria from? Mother/father?
Mother
240
____________ is the term used to describe mitochondria that contain a mixture of normal and mutant DNA.
Heteroplasmy
241
Explain the evidence that suggest mitochondrial gene mutations may be a major factor in the aging process.
Older cells accumulate mutations in mtDNA which may be a leading factor in human aging.
