TEST 2 Flashcards

Question

DNA fingerprint

Answer 1

Pattern of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a persons unique sequences of noncoding DNA

Answer 2

FBI's computerized criminal DNA databases as well as software used to run these databases- includes National DNA Index System

Answer 3

Deoxyribose Sugar and one of 4 nitrogenous bases- Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

Answer 4

``` James Watson and Francis Clark in 1953 "Twisted Ladder" 46 Chromosomes in human body composed of tightly coiled DNA X, Y Chromosomes 44 Autosomes in homologous pairs ```

Answer 5

``` Began in 1980s Dramatically impacted the field of forensic science Used to solve: -ID the guilty -ID disaster and war victims -Exonerate the innocent -Missing persons cases -Cold cases ```

Answer 6

``` Wear disposable gloves and change them often Disposable instruments Avoid touching areas where DNA may exist Avoid talking, sneezing or coughing on evid Avoid touching your face Air-dry evid If it cannot be dried, freeze it Put evid in new bag ```

Answer 7

High variability Located w/i non coding regions of DNA Consist of repeating base sequences # of differs with each individual

Answer 8

STRs Consisting of 50 bases More easily recovered FBI uses 13 core STRs

Answer 9

Blood Semen Saliva *DON'T RE-WET IF DRIED*

Answer 10

sunlight moisture heat

Answer 11

Many different uses Consistent advances Used to prove guilt Exonerate the innocent

Answer 12

In case of sexual assault where an evid kit is collected from the victim, a DNA profile of suspected perp is developed from the swabs of the kit Forensic unknown profile attributed to suspected perp is searched against their state database of convicted offender and arrestee profiles If there is candidate match, the lab will go through procedure to confirm match, and obtain ID of perp

Answer 13

Once match is IDed by CODIS lab involved in the match exchange info to verify match and est coordination b/w their two agencies The match of forensic DNA record against DNA record in database may be use to est. PC to obtain and evidentiary DNA sample from suspect

Answer 14

LE agency sends crime scene evid to forensic DNA lab for analysis and production of DNA record At time of hit, there amy not be an open or active investigation or other judicial processing and therefore the submitting LEA becomes the lab's point of contact for hit notifications

Answer 15

No names or other personal identifiers are stored using the CODIS software. Only the following is stored and can be searched: - DNA profile - Agency identifier of submitting agency

Answer 16

Computer terminals/servers are located in safe space Access to these files limited to few individuals with access to CODIS and approved by FBI Fed law- DNA ID Act of 1994-restricts access to CJ agencies for LE purposes only Def. is allowed access to samples and analysis performed for their own case Unauthorized disclosure of DNA data is subject to criminal penalty not to exceed $250,000

Answer 17

Clumping of cells caused by an antigen-antibody response

Answer 18

angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface

Answer 19

proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to specific antigens

Answer 20

substance that provokes an immune response in the body

Answer 21

``` 2500 BC- Blood letting 1628- Sir William Harvey noted continuous circulation w/i the body 1659- blood cells first viewed through microscope 1874- discovered platelets 1901- discovered blood types A, B, O 1935- First able to store blood 1971- developed antibody detection 1987-2000s- Blood screening ```

Answer 22

Plasma- 35% of total blood volume Platelets- causes blood to clot Red blood cells White blood cells- only part that has DNA

Answer 23

Carry gasses: Oxygen and carbon monoxide

Answer 24

located in RBCs; carry iron-containing proteins taht bind to oxygen in the lungs

Answer 25

Body locates foreign elements: bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites Converge on location and engulf/digest foreign elements

Answer 26

Prior to DNA profiling, blood types were used as CLASS evid Used to exclude a person as a suspect It is all about the antigens

Answer 27

Noticed that all blood does not mix freely- AGGLUTINATION

Answer 28

Discovered in 1940 85% of human population has protein called Rh factor int heir RBCs Blood that has Rh factor is designated Rh+

Answer 29

Mix with A antigens Mix with B antigens Mix with Rh

Answer 30

``` A- 42% B- 12% AB- 3% O- 43% Rh+ 85% Rh- 15% ```

Answer 31

1895- Edward Piotrouski wrote the earliest reference for BSA Baltnazard was first to research spatter pattern 1955- used to exonerate Sam Shepard 1971- physics of blood spatter used in investigations

Answer 32

Blood molecules are attracted to one another Blood tends to stick together as it falls Round droplets

Answer 33

The shape of drop shows direction it came from Easily determined by the pointed end of the blood 90 deg indicated by circular drops

Answer 34

As blood tavels across a surface it adheres to the surface Cohesion means most of blood stays with original drop Point of impact is larger than traveling edge

Answer 35

Passive- indicate someone walking while bleeding

Answer 36

Seen on walls and ceiling | Flying off weapons

Answer 37

Wet bloody surface contacts a second surface with minimal lateral motion (ex: bloody footprint)

Answer 38

Object moves through partially dried blood w/ lateral motion altering appearance

Answer 39

Lateral transfer of wet blood from moving source onto a surface Feathered edge indicated direction from source

Answer 40

Blood exiting body under pressure from an artery and striking a surface: peaks indicate heart contraction

Answer 41

Blood blown out of nose/mouth as a result of air pressure, similar to high-velocity; often w/ bubbles

Answer 42

Absence of blood in a pattern

Answer 43

Study of drugs, poisons, toxins, their metabolities and other substances that can harm people

Answer 44

natural or manufactured chemicals that can cause severe harm

Answer 45

Naturally occurring poisonous substances that living things produce

Answer 46

degree to which a substance is harmful

Answer 47

Misused legal drugs Illegal drugs Environmental toxins

Answer 48

Socrates- death by drinking poisonous tea Charles Norris- NYC's 1st Medical Examiner developed standardized techniques and testing to help determine the cause of death

Answer 49

Born 1929 in Bulgaria Became BBC and Radio Free Europe broadcaster speaking against communism Poisoned by ricin by KGB Dead 4 days later

Answer 50

natural toxin developed by castor beans

Answer 51

1. Ingesting them 2. inhaling 3. injecting 4. absorbing through skin

Answer 52

1. Intentionally- taken as drug to treat illness and relieve pain 2. Accidentally- unintentional 3. Deliberately- taken as in suicide

Answer 53

``` Dose- how much Duration- frequency or length of exposure Nature of exposure Interactions w. other medications By-products (ex wood alcohol) ```

Answer 54

Most is colorimetric Microscopic examination of plant matter Microcrystalline (small crystals that form in blood) Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectronomy

Answer 55

Acute- caused by high dose over short period of time (ex cyanide) Chronic- caused by low doses over longer periods of time (ex chemotherapy, lead, mercury)

Answer 56

``` Suicides, homicides and accidental deaths have occurred throughout history due to exposure to heavy metals Arsenic- in water Lead- paint Mercury- industrial waste Stored in the soft-tissues of the body Can damage organs ```

Answer 57

Used in nazi death camps

Answer 58

used in US penal system during 1900s Cyanide occurs naturally Inhaled with cigs

Answer 59

slows the heart's electrical signals

Answer 60

acts as depressant and slows CNS

Answer 61

half of US prison pop. is there because of drug related offenses: possession/distribution Drugs contributed to crimes Drug-using lifestyle where frequency of illegal activity is increasing

Answer 62

$600 Billion

Answer 63

Schedule 1: no medicinal use, high potential abuse (ex heroin) Schedule 2: severely restricted medical use, high potential for abuse (ex cocaine, methamphetamine) Schedule 3: Accepted medical use, moderate potential for abuse (ex Ketamine) Schedule 4: Medical use, low potential for abuse and low risk of dependency (ex Xanax) Schedule 5: Wide medical use, very low potential for abuse (ex: tylenol w/ codeine)

Answer 64

``` Highly addictive (ex meth) Increase energy and alertness Suppress appetite Users develop tolerance High blood pressure Depression often replaces euphoria Meth leads to severe weight loss, dental problems, cardiac and neurological damage) ```

Answer 65

Used in pain management (morphine, codeine) Long term use can lead to addiction- can become addicted to oxycodone and hydrocodone Symptoms include: difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, contracted pupils

Answer 66

Reduce anxiety and produce sleep (ex Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines) Highly addictive Slows heart rate Slows breathing rate OFten fatal when combined with alcohol which is a CNS depressant

Answer 67

Promote tissue and cell growth and division Chemical structure similar to testosterone Became popular in 1930s Side effects: increased body hair, baldness, acne, blood clotting, cancer Not addictive- people do for results

Answer 68

Must apprentice under experienced document experts Certifications by: -American Board of Forensic Document Experts -Board of Forensic Document Examiners

Answer 69

Everyone's is unique If document is questioned, it is compared with an exemplar Handwriting analysis 1st questioned in 1868 -ROBINSON v MANDELL- forged will Lindbergh case US ct of Appeals 1999 recognized handwriting analysis as expert testimony

Answer 70

Mood Pace Utensils Medical conditions

Answer 71

1. Line Quality 2. Spacing 3. Size Consistency 4. Continuous 5. Connecting letter 6. Letters complete 7. Cursive or printed letters 8. Pen pressure 9. Slant 10. Line habits 11. Fancy curve or loops 12. placement of crosses on t's and dots on i's

Answer 72

do the letters flow or are they erratic or shaking

Answer 73

Are letters equally spaced or crowded

Answer 74

is the ratio of height and width consistent?

Answer 75

is the writing continuous or does the writer lift hte pen?

Answer 76

are uppercase and lowercase letters connected?

Answer 77

Are the letters completely formed or are parts of the letters missing?

Answer 78

Is pressure equally applied to upward or downward strokes?

Answer 79

left, right or variable?

Answer 80

is the text on the line, above or below?

Answer 81

Writing sample must be obtained Do not inform suspect that sample will be analyzed Dictated is more natural than copied Avoid conscious writing effort -Do not show the suspect the questioned or evid doc -Do not provide the suspect guidance in punctuation or spelling

Answer 82

Unaided eye Infrared Spectroscope- pressure of utensil etc Biometric signature Pads- like at grocery store- speed, rhythm, pressure, data analyzed by expert Computerized Analysis- Forensic Information SYstem for Handwriting (FISH)- USSS in charge

Answer 83

``` Subject Matter Expert (SME) presents a written report Def and Pros question SME SME explains how analysis was done Explains how SME arrived at conclusion Req. strong factual evid Def will likely have its own analysis ```

Answer 84

Quality of exemplar determines quality of analysis Can fall victim to effect that mood, age, drugs, fatigue, and illness have on person's handwriting Ultimately is subjective Certifications are important Should be used in conjunction with other evid Paints only a piece of the puzzle

Answer 85

When accompanied by potential for financial gain, it becomes fraud Accomplished by document alteration

Answer 86

Erasure- physical erasure can be seen under stereomicroscope; chemical erasure can be seen under UV or IR light Crossouts- use of something can expose writing crossed out Additions- UV or IR lights can distinguish b/w ink Burning- some inks and leads burn more slowly than paper, may be revealed under angled light

Answer 87

$27 million

Answer 88

Ordering someone else's check from deposit slip Altering a check Intercepting a check and altering it Creating from scratch

Answer 89

Print checks on chemically sensitive paper Use large font size that req. more ink and makes alterations more difficult Use high-res borders on checks that are difficult to copy Print in multiple color-patterns Embed fibers in checks that glow under different types of light Use chemical-wash detection systems that change color when check is altered

Answer 90

Famous forger- sole income from 1980-1985 | Specialized in mormon documents and money

Answer 91

Typically forging of currency but can also refer to the production of fake brand name products One of oldest crimes COunterfeting US currency is federal felony punishable by up to 15 years in prison USSS charged with counterfeiting investigations Gov changes layout of bills routinely to throw off counterfeiters Safeguards built into $100 make most expensive to produce

Answer 92

Counterfeit detecting pen- ink causes chemical reaciton with starch; marketed as 98% effective Bill bleaching- turning $1 into $100 bill Additional safeguards

Answer 93

1. portrait stands out 2. fed and treasury seals 3. border 4. serial #s must be same color as seals 5. Filaments 6. 7. 8.

Answer 94

1. portrait stands out from BG 2. Microprinting on security threads 3. serial # color and spacing 4. Letter and quadrant # 5. Fed seal, no sharp points 6. Treasury seal, sharp points 7. filaments 8. fed # and letter 9. series 10. check letter and face plate # 11. watermark 12. color shifting # 13. clear disctint BG 14. Clear distinct borders

TEST 2 Flashcards

(119 cards)