Test 2

Question 1

The marine algae are popularly known as _.

What is the more appropriate name?

Answer 1

Seaweeds

Macrophytes

Question 2

Classification of seaweeds is based on

Answer 2

Pigment

Food storage products

Question 3

What do seaweeds lack compared to higher plants?

Answer 3

Complex structures and reproductive mechanisms

Question 4

S.W on rocky shores at low tide are _ and _ to withstand _ _.

Answer 4

small; sturdy; waveshock

Question 5

Kelps found offshore in cold waters are _ _ that form _ _ _.

Answer 5

true giants; dense underwater forests

Question 6

Seaweeds lack true _, _ and _.

Answer 6

Leaves, stems; roots

Question 7

Complete body name

Answer 7

Thallus

Question 8

Leaf-like, flattened portions of the thallus are known as _.

Answer 8

Blades

Question 9

What makes blades important?

Answer 9

Increase surface area and are the main photosynthetic regions.

Question 10

Blades are sometimes kept close to the sea surface by means of gas-filled _.
Why?

Answer 10

Pneumatocysts

To maximize exposure to sunlight

Question 11

Stem-like structure on seaweeds

Answer 11

Stipe (from which the blades originate)

Question 12

Anchors thallus

Answer 12

Holdfast

Question 13

Most are freshwater, 10% are marine

Answer 13

Green algae

Question 14

Pigments of green algae?
Food storage product?
Same as higher land plants

Answer 14

Chlorophyl a,b and carotenoids

Starch

Question 15

Algae that has predominance of yellow pigments a and c

Answer 15

Brown

Question 16

Brown algae charcteristics

Answer 16

Most dominant primary producers on temperate and polar rocky coasts; most complex and largest
Can withstand exposure to air

Question 17

Brown algae characteristics p.2

Answer 17

Blades up to 3m in length, harvested for food. Blades may be single or split or branch. several blades may grow from a single holdfast

Question 18

Brown algae characteristics p.3

Answer 18

largest kelps are found in deeper water below the lowest tide level
Bullwhip kelp, nereocystis, long whip-like stipe of 30m.
Pelagophycus has antler-like branches

Question 19

Largest kelp

Answer 19

Macrocystis

Question 20

Macrocystis _: Several long stipes grow from the _, from which _ _ develop.

Answer 20

Pyrifera; holdfast, elongate, blades

Question 21

Many plants, each with many fast-growing and intertwined stipes, form dense and very productive _ _ or _ _

Answer 21

kelp beds; kelp forests

Question 22

Algae that has more species of marine

Answer 22

Red algae

Question 23

Examples of Red algae

Answer 23

Porphyra; carrageenan; agar

Question 24

Coralline red algae

Answer 24

Deposit calcium carbonate around cell walls;

Question 25

Some coralline red algae grow as _ or _ on rock. Warm water species _ coral reef debris together in the formation of _ _.

Answer 25

smooth; encrusting; cementing; coral reef

Question 26

Reproduction of seaweeds: Sexual and asexual means; alternation of generations...

Answer 26

Haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte

Question 27

Asexual

Answer 27

fragments of the thallus may grow into new individuals (Sargassum)

Question 28

_ _ divides by _ -- haploid _ -- into _ _ --- produces _ _.

Answer 28

diploid sporophyte, meiosis, spores, haploid gametophyte, haploid gametes.

Question 29

Truly marine flowering plants; rarely exposed by low tide, submerged by seawater; not true grass, closest relative - lily

Answer 29

Seagrasses

Question 30

Seagrasses have no need to attract insect pollinators because their _ and _ are _.

Answer 30

pollen and tiny seeds; distributed by water and in the feces of herbivorous fish and invertebrae.

Question 31

Salt-marsh plants

Answer 31

Cord grasses, true grass, not really marine but tolerate salt

Question 32

Mangroves are adapted to live along _ | They tolerate _.

Answer 32

tropical and subtropical shores around the world. | salt

Question 33

Subtidal zone (sometimes called sublittoral)

Answer 33

The part of the continental shelf that is never exposed at low tide.

Question 34

Surface water in N. hemisphere flow in clockwise gyre. Currents that flow _ the poles on the western sides of the oceans carry _ water from _ _. As a result, on the _ sides of oceans, kelps are at _ _. Kelps extend to _ _ on shores on the _ sides of oceans.

Answer 34

toward; warm; equatorial regions;western higher latitudes; lower latitudes; eastern

Question 35

3-D structure of kelp communities

Answer 35

Holdfasts: polychaete worms, small crustaceans, brittle stars Blades: tube dwelling polychaete worms, bryozoans rocky bottom around kelp plants: sponges, sea squirts, lobsters, crabs, sea stars, abalones, octopuses.

Question 36

Another name for the intertidal

Answer 36

Littoral zone

Question 37

Emersion

Answer 37

Being out of water and exposed to air

Question 38

Immersion

Answer 38

Placed underwater

Question 39

Rocky shores generally occur on _ _ that lack large amounts of sediment. Causes?

Answer 39

steep coasts; | Land recently uplifted or is still rising as a result of geological events

Question 40

Intertidal Zonation

Answer 40

Splash zone; Upper; Middle; Lower intertidal

Question 41

The highest area of the _ _ _ is only submerged at the _ of the _ _ and then only briefly.

Answer 41

upper intertidal zone; peak of the high tide

Question 42

Marine organisms tend to _ _ or _ when they are out of water.

Answer 42

dry out; desiccate

Question 43

To survive in the intertidal, organisms must _ _, _ or both.

Answer 43

prevent desiccation; tolerate it or both

Question 44

Most intertidal organisms cope with this by either _ and _ or they _ _

Answer 44

run and hide; clam-up

Question 45

Define run and hide Examples? Favorite places to hide?

Answer 45

As the tide goes out, the organism simply moves somewhere wet and waits for the tide to come back in. Fish, shore crabs, snails, limpets Tide pools (some areas are kept moist by spray or by water that slowly leaks out of tide pools)

Question 46

Other hiding places? | What about Sessile animals and seaweeds? Why?

Answer 46

Mussels (Mytilus sp.) form dense clumps that retain moisture and provide a place for a variety of small organisms. They live in moist areas all the time. Larvae settle only in moist, shady places or because larvae that settle elsewhere dry out and die.

Question 47

Clam-up | Examples?

Answer 47

Organisms that use this strategy have some sort of protective covering (a shell) that they can close to hold in water. Barnacles and mussels are completely enclosed and can seal in moisture simply by closing their shell.

Question 48

What about Limpets?

Answer 48

Limpets, have an opening that cannot be completely shut. | These organisms typically clamp themselves tightly to the rock to seal the opening.

Question 49

Other problems caused by emersion: Ocean temperatures are _ _ and mild because of _. Air?

Answer 49

relatively constant; high heat capacity of water; Air temp can be more extreme. At low tide, intertidal organisms are at the mercy of the sun's heat and freezing cold of winter

Question 50

Snail adaptations to temperature

Answer 50

The color of the shell; ridges on the shell to act as a radiator

Question 51

Temperature and salinity in tide pools

Answer 51

Tide pools are shallow, and experience extreme temperatures but not as extreme as air temperatures. At low tide the pool may be diluted by rain, lowering the salinity. On hot, dry days, salinity goes up as a result of evaporation. To cope with this variation, tide-pool organisms can usually withstand a wide range of salinity, as well as temperature. Some may burrow or reduce their activity to ride out the extreme salinity and wait for high tide.

Question 52

Deposit feeder

Answer 52

an animal that feeds on organic matter that settles on the bottom

Question 53

Suspension feeder

Answer 53

An animal that feeds on the particles suspended in the water

Question 54

Filter feeder

Answer 54

A suspension feeder that actively filters food particles

Question 55

Limitations to feeding

Answer 55

- little sediment discourages deposit feeders - most sessile animals are filter feeders but can't feed when the tide is out (clam-up instead) (sea stars) - Many mobile animals in the rocky intertidal are grazers that scrape algae, bacteria and other food from the rocks

Question 56

Limits to feeding cont.

Answer 56

Predators search the rocks for prey | - animals that live low in the intertidal can spend the day feeding because they are submerged

Question 57

Higher in the intertidal, animals may not be _ long enough to get adequate feeding time. This may cause them to _ more slowly, than they would or prevent them from living high in the intertidal at all.

Answer 57

submerged, immersed, underwater; grow

Question 58

Describe distribution of wave energy

Answer 58

Waves approach the shore at an angle. Some areas are sheltered from the surf (enclosed bays), others are fully exposed.

Question 59

Refraction of waves? | Effects?

Answer 59

One end of the wave reaches shallow water before the other, slowing down as the other end continues at the same speed. This leads to wave bending or refraction, which results to the wave becoming nearly parallel to the shore. Can produce complicated wave patterns. headlands. bays tend to get less wave energy because of refraction. Tremendous variation of wave impact from place to place on the shore.

Question 60

Coping with wave shock

Answer 60

Some intertidal organisms are only found in sheltered locations. often delicate, cannot keep firm grip on rocks tolerate sediment better than organisms that live on exposed coasts

Question 61

Coping with wave shock cont.

Answer 61

Sessile organisms anchor themselves firmly: seaweeds use holdfasts or encrust on rocks Barnacles use glue Mussels use byssal threads Mobile chitons and limpets use muscular foot.

Question 62

Coping with wave shock pt. 3

Answer 62

Gobies and clingfishes use modified fins to form a type of suction cup. Intertidal fishes tend to lack a swimbladder, so they sink and stay on bottom Exposed organisms: have thicker shells, compact shape, low profile close to the rocks.