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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ cells divide uncontrolled, squeeze into spaces where normal cells cannot, create their blurred supply, and secrete biochemicals that blast pathways through healthy tissues.

A

Cancerous

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2
Q

What are the three tenets of the cell theory?

A

1) all organisms are made of one or more cells
2) the cell is the fundamental unit of life
3) all cells come from preexisting cells

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3
Q

How do cells avoid surface limitations?

A

1) a flattened shape
2) being long an thin
3) having specialized structures for labor (organelles)
4) and having a vacuole filled with water

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4
Q

The ways by which a cell avoids surface limitations does not include _________

A

having a nucleus

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5
Q

The primary structural component of a cell membrane is _______

A

a phospholipid molecule

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6
Q

Is a cell membrane a rigid structure?

A

no

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7
Q

What are the primary functions of proteins within the cell membrane structure?

A

transport of molecules out of the cell, recognition of an organisms own cells, to enable cells to adhere to one another, and for receiving chemical signals

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8
Q

What is not a primary function of the proteins with the cell membrane structure?

A

carrying out the process of cellular reproduction

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9
Q

What is a micrometer?

A

.000001 of a meter (one-millionth of a meter)

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10
Q

A prokaryotic cell ______

A

does not have a nucleus

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11
Q

A eukaryotic cell _____

A

has membrane-bounded organelles

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12
Q

What are the three domains in the Woese system of classification are:

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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13
Q

What are the kingdoms in the eukarya?

A

Animalia, plantae, and protista

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14
Q

What does the cell wall of bacteria use?

A

helps prevent the cell from bursting, protects the cell, contains a substance called peptidoglycan, and give the bacterium a distinctive shape

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15
Q

Penicillin halts bacterial infections by ______

A

interfering with the construction of the cell wall

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16
Q

What is the smallest certifiable living organism?

A

a bacterium called Mycoplasma

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17
Q

What are members of Archaea often called and why?

A

extremophiles, because they live in conditions of extreme temperature, salinity, and heat

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18
Q

An organelle found in plant cells and some members of the kingdom Protista but not in animal cells is the _____

A

chloroplast

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19
Q

The most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells is the _____

A

nucleus

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

assembly of components of ribosomes

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21
Q

The rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum _______

A

produces proteins, produces lipids, detoxifies poisons, and forms vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus

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22
Q

The rough or smooth ER does not

A

produce mRNA

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23
Q

The Golgi appartus is ______

A

an organelle, a processing center, involved with secretion of cellular substances

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24
Q

The Golgi apparatus is not _____

A

a stack of membrane enclosed sacs and is not studded with ribosomes.

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25
The main organelles and structures involved with milk production and secretion in their correct sequence are:
nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi body, vesicle for secretion.
26
Cellular digestion centers involve ____
lysosomes and peroxisomes
27
Chloroplasts are ___
glucose factories, found in plants, organelles that carry out photosynthesis, and are even found in some members of the kingdom Protista.
28
Mitochondria _____
have their own DNA, extract energy from nutrients, have two membrane layers, and have cristae.
29
Mitochondria do not ____
carry out photosynthesis.
30
In most mammals, the DNA found in mitochondria ____
is inherited from the mother only.
31
A central vacuole ____
produces turgor pressure.
32
The recycling centers for the cell are
the central vacuole and lysosomes.
33
A cytoskeleton is found in
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
34
Cytoskeletons
are a system of tracks used for transport, a structure that aids in the process of cell division, and are composted of microtubules and microfilaments.
35
Cilia
are found on eukaryotic cells, used for movement, are short appendages, are composed of microtubules and are not found on prokaryotic cells.
36
Flagella
are found on eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, are used for movement, and are composed of microtubules and are long appendages.
37
A junction that is a protein channel linking the cytoplasms of adjacent cells is called
a gap junction
38
A structure found in prokaryotic cells, plant cells, and animal cells is
a ribosome
39
chemical bonds and the concentration gradient across a membrane
examples of potential energy
40
heat, light, sound, and random molecular movement
examples of kinetic energy
41
entropy is
a disorder
42
an endergonic reaction is
a reaction that requires an input of energy, and that typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules
43
sucrose is
a disaccharide consisting of the monosaccharides fructose and glucose
44
the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is both
cellular respiration and an exergonic reaction
45
The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
46
Oxidation means ______, whereas reduction means _____
the loss of electrons form a molecule; the gain of electrons by a molecule
47
ATP is
adenosine triphosphate
48
ATP
stores energy temporarily in cells, holds energy released from exergonic reactions, and applies that energy to endergonic reactions
49
ATP also
contains the sugar ribose
50
Cofactors
are substances needed by proteins in order to function as an enzyme and must be provided by nutrients an organism takes in
51
examples of cofactors?
minerals and vitamins
52
Beriberi is caused by
a deficiency of vitamin B1
53
Scurvy is caused by
a deficiency of vitamin C
54
Pellagra is caused by
a deficiency of Niacin
55
An enzyme is
a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions
56
Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction.
57
An active site is
a location on an enzyme and is the key to the specificity of an enzymatic reaction.
58
The molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and reacts with the enzyme is called
a substrate
59
The enzyme lactase
is a protein secreted by intestinal cells and digests milk sugar (lactose)
60
When an end product of a reaction pathway is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway, this is
negative feedback
61
Competitive inhibition of enzymes is
used to regulate biochemical pathways in cells, and occurs when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.
62
Non competitive inhibition of enzymes is
used to regulate biochemical pathways in cells, and occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from an active site.
63
Simple diffusion
does not require energy
64
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological) membrane is called
osmosis
65
If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment, then the cell is
hypertonic to the environment
66
If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, then the environment is
hypotonic to the cell
67
Turgor pressure in cells
keeps plants from wilting
68
Turgor pressure is
the force of water against the inside of the cell wall due to osmosis, and use to a walled cell being in a hypotonic environment.
69
A contractile vacuole is
an organelle found in Parameciumand is used to pump water out of the cell
70
Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that
active transport requires energy, moves molecules against a concentration gradient, requires proteins embedded within the cell membrane, and moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.
71
Phagocytosis is an example of
endocytosis
72
Phagocytosis
is used by white blood cells to destroy disease causing agents
73
The ultimate source of energy for living organisms on earth is
the sun.

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