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Biology 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates (fuel and building), lipids (fats, phospholipids, and steroids), proteins (lots of stuff), and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

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2
Q

Which one is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

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3
Q

What type of reaction creates a polymer?

A

Dehyration reaction

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4
Q

What are the ways monosaccharides are classified?

A

Aldose/ketose, # of C, and spatial arrangements around asymmetrical carbons

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5
Q

What is the monosacchaide ratio?

A

1C 2H 1O

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6
Q

Give some examples of a monosaccharide

A

Fructose and glucose

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7
Q

Give some examples of a disaccharide

A

sucrose and maltose

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8
Q

Give some examples of a polysaccharide

A

amylose, glycogen, cellulose

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9
Q

Monosaccarides make what?

A

ATP or amino acids

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10
Q

What is the bond called between two monosaccharides?

A

Glycocydic bond

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11
Q

What is the energy storage of plants? Animals?

A

Starch for plants, glycogen for animals

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12
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

A

C1 OH is up on cellulose (beta glucose) and down on starch (alpha glucose)

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13
Q

What is the bond that holds together the glycerol and 3 fatty acid of a fat molecule?

A

Ester linkage

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14
Q

What is the simplest form of starch?

A

amylose

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15
Q

Name a cardiopathic steroid

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

Proteins make up how much dry mass of cells?

A

> 50%

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17
Q

Name Protein functions

A

Enzymes, antibodies, amino acid storage, transport, channels, hormones (insulin), receptors, contractile, structural (keratin)

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18
Q

Polypepides

A

Unbranched polymers held together with peptide bonds

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19
Q

What makes up an amino acid?

A

(N) amino acid group + a carbon + carboxyl (C) + differing R group

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20
Q

What makes a protein?

A

Lots of poly peptides together

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence (determines its function)

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22
Q

Secondary structure

A

Folding and coiling H bond between caboxyl and amine

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23
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Interactions/bonds between R groups of 2 amino acids

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24
Q

Quadrinary structure

A

All polypeptides that make protein functional

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25
What conditions can denature a protein?
pH, temp, salt concentration
26
Nucleic Acids
DNA = genetic code, synthesizes mRNA, 5/3 prime
27
Name A, T, C, G
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
28
What is T replaced with in RNA?
Uracil
29
SER
Serine (S) Hydrophilic
30
THR
Threonine (T) Hydrophilic
31
CYS
Cysteine (C) Hydrophilic
32
TYR
Tyrosine (Y) Hydrophilic
33
ASN
Asparagine (N) Hydrophilic
34
GLN
Glutamine (Q) Hydrophilic
35
ASP
Aspartic acid (D) Acidic
36
GLU
Glutamic acid (E) Acidic
37
LYS
Lysine (K) Basic
38
ARG
Arginine (R) Basic
39
HIS
Histidine (H) Basic
40
GLY
Glycine (G) Hydrophobic
41
ALA
Alanine (A) Hydrophobic
42
VAL
Valine (V) Hydrophobic
43
LEU
Leucine (L) Hydrophobic
44
ILE
Isoleucine (I) Hydrophobic
45
MET
Methionine (M) Hydrophobic
46
PHE
Phenylalanine (F) Hydrophobic
47
TRP
Tryptophan (W) Hydrophobic
48
PRO
Proline (P) Hydrophobic
49
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer
50
What type of organism are eukarya?
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
51
What do Pro and Eukayotic cells have in common?
Outter plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes/plasmid, ribosomes
52
What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?
Central vacuole, chloroplasts, and cell wall
53
What do the pores in the nuclear envelope let in and out?
Proteins, RNA, ribosomes, and molecules from nucleus
54
Where is RNA and ribosomes synthesized?
Nucleous
55
When will you be able to see DNA in a cell?
When they are undergoing mitosis
56
Ribosomes
Not an organelle, a molecule that synthesize proteins on the ER and free floating
57
What is the endomembrane system?
``` Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane ```
58
Endoplasmic Recticullum (ER)
Half of the total membrane Smooth ER- no ribosomes- tubules and cisternea Rought ER- Many ribosomes
59
Smooth ER
Creates lipids (sex steroid), Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, Stores calcium ions
60
Rough ER
Ribosomes secrete glycoproteins, Distributes transport vesicles, Is a membrane factory for the cell- replenishes phospholipids
61
Golgi aparatus
SHIPPING AND RECEIVING: Produces carbs by modifying products of the ER, modifies phospholipids, manufactures macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vescicles
62
Golgi orientation
Cis receives, trans ships
63
Lysosome
Acidic Digestion: full of enzymes to break down material
64
Phagocytosis
A way amoeba engulfs material and sends it to the lysosome
65
Autophagy
A way lysosomes recycle damaged organelles
66
Vacuoles
Plants: Maintenance compartments. transport solutes, storage
67
Mitochondria/chloroplasts
``` Cellular respiration (ATP) (both plant and animal) Chloroplasts harvest sunlight to generate organic molecules (plant only) ```
68
Perioxisomes
Make drugs/ poisons/ fatty acids water soluble. Oxidative. Enzymes that remove H atoms.
69
Endosysbionic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from a eukaryotic cell that engulfed a prokaryotic cell.
70
Cytoskelaton
Structure and transport of proteins. Also have motor proteins.
71
What makes the cytoskelatin?
Microtubules - thick Microfilaments- thin actin Intermediate filaments
72
Microtubules
``` Biggest, + end, - end Maintenance of cell shape cell motility chromosome movements/ mitosis organelle movements ```
73
Centrioles
9 triplet microtubule helps cell division
74
Cillia vs flagella movement
Cilia have a power stroke, flagella undulates. made of 9 doublet microtubules
75
Intermediate filaments
vertebrae animals. keratins. anchorage, cell shape
76
Cell wall
Prokaryotes, fungi, plants have cell wall. cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
77
ECM extracellular matrix
Eukaryotic cells anchor themselves to
78
Sandwich model
Proteins sandwiched around phospholipids
79
Problems with sandwich model
Proteins amphipathic, hydrophobic molecules cant pass through,
80
Fluid mosaic model
Proteins inside phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane and cholesterol
81
Proteins in plasma membrane
Peripheral- outter surface Integral- transport hydrophilic O2 and ions, enzyme activity, signal, cell recognition, cell joining, extracellular attachment
82
Membrane sidedness
Discerns in vs out. Outter leaflet of plasma membrane is same as inner of organelles. basically cytoplasm touches the same leaflet
83
Osmosis vs diffution
Osmosis: movement of water (salt sucks) low to high Diffusion: solute movement high to low
84
Facilitated diffusion proteins: no atp required
auquaporins transport protein for water | ion channel protein
85
Carrier protein
ATP required for active. Specific shape, Holds on to molecule, changes shape and releases to other side
86
Tonicity
Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
87
Isotonic, hypo, hypertonic solution
iso=no net (normal/flacid), hypo=water goes into cell (lysed/turgid), hyper=water leaves cell (shrivel/wilt plasmolyzed)
88
Osmoregulation
control of solute concentrations and water balance. Contractile vacuole pumps out excess water
89
Active transport
Against concentration gradient. Requires ATP.
90
Exocytosis
Bulk dumping of products
91
Endocytocis
Bulk acceptance of molecules: phagocytosis (eating), pinocytocis (drinking), receptor mediated
92
What type of molecule can easily pass through the plasma membrane?
hydrophobic (nonpolar) (hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, O2)

Biology 1 (4 decks)

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