test 2 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
visceral flagellates belong to what phylum?
A
mastigophora
2
Q
what are the 3 orders of visceral flagellates?
A
retortamonadida, diplomonadida, Trichomonadia
3
Q
does order retortamonadida have cyst?? name an example
characteristics
A
yes,
Chilomastix mesneli
have 2-4 flagella and have cytostome
4
Q
Characteristics of Diplomonadida and example?
A
have 2 side to side nuclei and up to 8 flagella
Giardia Lambia
5
Q
characteristics of Trichomonadida and examples?
A
anterior turn of flagella, have axostyle( middle rod), have undulated membrane (fused flagella with membrane)
NO CYST
-ex: Trichomonadida tenax, Trichomonadida Vaginalis, Trichimonadida hominis (Pentatrichomas) , Dientamoeba flagilis
6
Q
Chilomastix Mesneli characteristics
A
pear shaped (pyriform), anterior end= blunt with 3 flagella, nucleus, 4 flagella total, trophozoite size: 12 cyst:8, lemon shaped
7
Q
how can you get infected with Chilomastix Mesneli?
A
through contaminated water with cysts. may cause diarrhea, but it is characterized as non-pathogenic.
live in large intestine
-low prevalence 6% WW, 4 US
8
Q
what’s the purpose of an adhesive disk?
A
to attach to small intestine.
9
Q
Giardia Lamblia Characteristics
A
found by Leeuwenhoek
- has adhesive disk that will attach to the small intestine
- the disk is supported by microtubules
- Trophozoite has up to 4 pairs of flagella and 2 nuclei
- has median bodies for unknown function
- old cyst had up to 4 nuclei and median body, new cyst has 2 nuclei (hyaline cyst wall)
10
Q
life cycle of Giardia Lamblia
A
- found in small intestine
- trophoziote is divided by binary fission
- nucleus decides first followed by flagella, sucking disk, and then cytoplasm
- excystation happens in the duodenum
- severe infection: 14 billion trophozoites, colonize different parts of intestine
- moderate infection: 300 million cyst
11
Q
Epidemiology of Giardia Lamblia
A
mostly in warm climates
- most common flagellate in human gut
- homosexual men and children are more susceptible (oral to anal sex)
- common among tourists
- in US 1000s of cases
- animals like dogs are possible reservoirs
12
Q
is Giardiasis contagious?
A
YEs, highly
13
Q
Disease facts of giardiasis
A
- cause intense diarrhea
- destroy mucosa and and cause degradation of vili (help with digestion)
- Gives fatty stool
- can cause complication with gallbladder if it swims up the bile duct
14
Q
diagnosis and treatment and prevention of giardiasis
A
fecal samples: trophozoites or cysts in huge samples
- Treatment: metronidazole (but if they go beyond the intestine metronidazole may not be useful.)
- food and water should be properly handled
15
Q
Dientamoeba Flagilis characteristics
A
- no flagella , have lobopod
- lack cyst
- mire related to flagellates than sarcodines
- prevalence is less than 10%
- trophozoites have a diameter of 6-12
- single lobopod and have food vacuole with bacteria
- 60% have two nuclei
16
Q
Life cycle of Dientamoeba Flagilis
A
No cyst
- gets inside host via nematode eggs to get to the intestine and hatch there
- found in large intestine (intestinal problems)
- WE don’t know transmission
- maybe via nematode eggs -ascaris and trichuris
- identified in feces
- they are observed via Brownian motion (cytoplasm granules move clockwise
17
Q
special characteristics of Dientamoeba flagilis
A
cell swells when put in water, able to detect Brownian movement
- harmless commensal, but may cause abdominal pain and diarrhea
- Treatment: metronidazole
18
Q
order trichomonadida and genus trichomonas characteristics
examples:
A
have axostyle( runs at center of the cell)
- have undulating membrane
- lack cyst
- lack mitochondrion, use hydrogenosomes in place of mitochondrion
-Trichomonas tenax, trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas hominis (pentatrichomonas)
19
Q
symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, prevention of giardiasis
A
symptoms: Intense diarrhea, damage mucosa, and cause degradation of villi (digests food), so fatty stool, can cause complications with gallbladder
diagnosis: Fecal samples: trophozoites or cysts are found in big numbers
Treatment: metronidazole, but if they go beyond the intestine, then it won’t be as effective
Prevention: avoid drinking contaminated food or water, don’t eat unwashed salads or fruits
20
Q
classes of order of Trichomonadida
A
Dienetamoeba flagilis
Trichomonas Tenax
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Trichomonas hominis (pentatrichomonas)
21
Q
Special characteristics about Dientamoeba(genus) flagilis
A
-lack flagella
-have no cyst
-live in the large intestine
-have 2 nucleus
- they are very delicate
-They have a single lobopod
-
22
Q
Life cycle of Dientamoeba flagilis
A
lives in large intestine, has no cysts
- we don’t know transmission, but could be due to nematode eggs and then they hatch in the large intestine along with the nematode
- divide by binary fission
23
Q
what happens to a dientamoeba flagilis cell when they are dropped in water?
A
They swell and cytoplasm granules move clockwise = Brownian motion
24
Q
Genus trichomonas characteristics?
A
have a bunch of flagella at anterior end
- have axostyle that contain hydrogenosome (in place of mitochondria)
- LACK CYST
- Have undulating membrane
- all by binary fission
25
Trichomonas Tenax discovery and where is it found?
by muller in teeth, has WW distribution, and is also found in gums, lungs, and trachea
26
Trichomonas Tenax characteristics
Trophozoite is 10, has 4 flagella total, its undulating membrane is 2/3 of the cell, harmless commensal, survive in drinking water, resistant to temp changes
27
how is T. Tenax transmitted and how is it controlled?
via kissing, sharing eating utensils
controlled by goof oral hygiene
28
Trichomonas hominis characterstics
Trophozoite is 10*8, Undulating membrane all cell, found in human colon, harmless commensal, may cause upset stomach, divide by binary fission, tolerates acidic conditions of stomach, have multiple hosts(cats, dogs)
29
how do people get infected with T.hominis?
injection of trophozoite via contaminated water and food
| -may be present in diarrhea stool if person infected with it
30
Major pathogen of genus Trchomonas?
Vaginalis Trichomonas
31
How do people get infected with T. vaginalis and who discovered it?
through sexual intercourse
- found in vagina and prostate gland of males
- Donne discovered it through penis and vagina secretions
32
T. vaginalis characteristics
undulating membrane 1/3 of the cell
- likes pH of 5-6: slightly alkaline condition and promotes their growth
- normal vagina pH: 4-4.5
- once the pathogen has established, then it changes the pH of vagina
- in males not as pathogenic
- 10-25% of infected women not as pathogenic
33
symptoms of T. vaginalis and transmission:
treatment
symptoms: vaginal itching, burning, leukorrhea, bad odor, only in human
- transmission: avoid leaving damp clothes, problem with new born through birth canal,
treatment and control: use codons, promiscuity increase infection; treatment: metronidazole
34
what does heteroxenous mean?
life cycle happens in two different hosts
- life sucking insect
- human host, blood or tissue
35
what do hemoflagellate feed on?
require hematin (rich in iron) for aerobic respiration
36
What are the two genera of hemoflagellate?
Leishmania and Trypanosoma, they reproduce by binary fission and only have one nucleus
37
what are the morphological forms of hemoflagellate?
amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote
38
what is the definitive stage of leishmania?
amastigote in humans, they reproduce in that stage
39
what is the definitive stage of trypanosoma?
trypomastigote
40
Vertebrate host morphological forms?
amastigote and trypomastigote
41
invertebrate host morphological forms?
promastigote and epimastigote
42
Amastigote stage
- no flagella, but will arise from basal body next to Kinetoplast (DNA rich)
- oval shape
- definitive stage of vertebrate host
- have pellicle membrane
43
promastigote
- has short flagella anterior to nucleus
- more elongated than amastigote
- only in insects
44
epimastigote
- only in insects.
- kinetoplast moves closer to nucleus, but still slight anterior to nucleus
- undulating membrane 1/2 the cell
45
Trypomastigote :type A; type B
definitive stage in humans and other vertebrates; K-B body posterior to nucleus.
- type A: elongated
- type B: short and thicker
46
Genus Leishmania cause....
Leishmania
47
what are the two genus of Leishmania
Phlebotomus (old world - Asia and Africa )
| Lutzomyia (new world- North, central, and South America)
48
what is the new world sandfly?
phlebotomus
49
what is the old world sandfly?
Lutzomyia
50
who discovered the amastigote stage in sandflies?
Leishman and Denovan
51
describe the life cycle of Leishmania
Amastigo affects macrophages, spleen, and bone marrow of humans. once they enter through the skin, they make parasitophorus vacuoles in host ER that will help them hide from the host in the affected cells and they will reproduce there . When a female sandfly takes a blood meal from host they suck amastigote form and they convert into promastigote in the gut of the sandfly. They will also undergo binary fission and travel to the salivary glands of insect where they will be injected on put on the surface of the skin of the host.
52
what is parasitophorus vacuole?
surround themselves from the hosts ER, helps hide from he host and they reproduce there
53
what determines degree of infection of leishmania?
temperature. human-human contact does not exist
54
what are the species of leishmania?
donovani, tropica, major, and braziliensis
55
where is leishmania most common in?
mainly in South America, Africa, and parts of Asia
56
who discovered Leishmania Donovan?
William leishman and Charles Donovan
57
disease names caused by leishmania Donovan ?
kala-azar and visceral leishmaniasis
58
what organs can leishmania Donovan infect?
infect liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, intestine, and macrophages (killed)
59
what is the vector of leishmania Donovan?
Phlebotomus sand fly
60
90% of leishmaniasis are found in...
Bangladesh, Brazil, india, nepal, sudan
61
what makes a difference of the infection?
temperature of host
| and # of parasites that entered the host
62
how long does it take foe leishmaniasis to develop after bite ?
2-4 months
63
what are the symptoms of leishmaniasis?
fever, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen(purify blood), weight loss, anemia, death after 1-2 years in untreated, vomiting
64
what are the 3 types of disease can can arise from leishmaniasis
visceral, cutaneous, muco-cutaneous,
65
weak immune system may cause early disease
..
66
leishmaniasis that is found in kids?
infantile kala-azar
67
what is post-gala Azar dermal leishmanoid?
5-10% of cases in India develop reddish, depigmented nodules on skin after 1-2 years of poor treatment.
68
pathogenesis of leishmaniasis
systematic or visceral leishmaniasis: affects the entire body. more fatal= decrease the number of WBC
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: affect skin and mucous membranes. all continents in the world have it except Antarctica and Australia
69
diagnosis, treatment and control of visceral leishmaniasis?
diagnosis: enlarged liver, spleen, biopsy of ties, microscopy and xenodiagnosis
treatment: treated with antimony compound injection and require blood transfusions.
70
the second deadliest parasitic infection?
leishmaniasis
71
Leishmania tropical and major
primary found on cutaneous sores and produce sores called cutaneous leishmaniasis
72
where is leishmania tropica mainly found?
Middle East, India, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico
73
what is special about leishmania tropica sores?
dry lesion, present for months before ulcers, produce lots of amastigotes
74
where is leishmania major mainly found?
africa,
75
what is special about the sore of leishmania major?
moist ulcer, quick duration, few amastigotes.
76
initial signs of bite by leishmania?
vascularized nodule where fly bite
| -soremay heal within a year if no bacterial infection
77
leishmania braziliensis, what is special based on the lesions that it causes?
causes mucocutanous leishmaniasis
| -primary lesion followed by a secondary based on geographic area. ex: mex and Central America: ear is the second lesion
78
what is the vector of of leishmania braziliensis
lutzomyia
79
diagnosis, treatment of Leishmania braziliensis
diagnosis: LD bodies on affected tissue
treatment: antimonial compounds
80
mucosal leishmaniasis?
nose, throat, mouth, and pharynx (may destroy nasal passages)
-common in Brazil
81
which type of leishmaniasis is the most common?
cutaneous leishmaniasis, 50-27 of all new cases
82
Trypanosomes are found in blood and tissue
.
83
what are the subspecies of AfricanTrypanosomes?
T. Brucei Brucei, T. Brucei Rhodesiense, T Brucei Gambiense
84
what subspecies cause the acute disease?
Rhodesiense
85
what is the vector for T. Brucei??
Glossina Tsetsy fly: BOTH SEXES
86
what is the life cycle of African trypanosomes??
1. glossina tsetsy fly injects metacystic trypomastigote when it feed from the person
2. metacyclic trypomastigotes transform into regular trypomastigotes in blood stream of human and divide by binary fission :INFECT LYMPH, SPINAL FLUID, BLOOD
3. tsetse fly bites human again and get trypanosomes
4. trypanosomes convert to pro cyclic trypomastigotes and divide,
5. as they away from the gut they become epimastigotes
6. as they are arriving the salivary glands they become metacyclic trypomastigotes again
87
what do trypomastigotes look in mammal blood?
short and stumpy
long and cylindrical
somewhere in between
88
what stage does tsetsy fly must ingest to become infected?
short and stumpy
89
what is the vector for Rhodesians
east africa; tsetsy fly glossina morsitans
90
what is the vector for gambiense
west africa; tsetsy fly glossina palpalis , glossina tachnoides
91
why dont we have a vaccine for African trypanosomes
because of VATS (variant antigenic types trypanosomes)
92
what are the symptoms to sleeping sickness?
1. Trypanosomal Chancre: inflammatory reaction 1-2 days after bite, red skin, swelling at site of bite, enlargement of adjacent lymph node
2. when lymph and blood invaded, fever, headache, tremors, loss of appetite, paralysis, rapid weight loss
3. lymph glands around neck swell
93
Trypanosomal Chancre
inflammatory reaction 1-2 days after bite, red skin, swelling at site of bite, enlargement of adjacent lymph node
94
how is sleeping sickness diagnosed?
- chancre in early stages
- winterbottom's sign: swelling of neck lymph glands
- blood smears or marrow or cerebrospinal fluid for trypomastigotes
95
what are the treatments for sleeping sickness?
- suramin, and it is only used before it has entered the nervous system
- mel b: melarsenoxide is used after it has entered the nervous system, but highly toxic
96
prevention of of sleeping sickness?
dont get bit by tsetsy flies
97
how can we control sleeping sickness?
by controlling vectors, but that is hard to do because it is a poor country and dont have money for insecticides
-trapping flies
98
transmission of African sleeping sickness?
sexual intercourse
placenta
milk from cattle
consumption of parasite by blood (Masai)
99
what is the vector of Trypanosome Cruzi?
kissing bug: Panstrongylus megistus both sexes
100
how does infection of T cruzi occur?
the bite of panstrongylus megistus kissing bug laying feces on you while he or she bites you, you scratch yourself and rub your eyes and get infected
101
what's the infective stage of T. cruzi?
metacyclic trypomastigote
102
explain the life cycle of t. cruzi
metacyclic trypomastigotes gets rubbed on skin or eyes and gets into the blood stream, once it invades cells they become amastigotes and form pseudocysts and reproduce, once they reproduce they some will be transformed into trypomastigotes and colonize new areas. vector MAY EAT AMASTIGOTE OR TRYPOMASTIGOTE
reproduces in insects gut and become epimastigote in midgut become metacylic trypomastigote inn rectum
103
where does t. cruzi reproduce?
as amastigotes, they never reproduce in blood because they will be recognized by the immune system
104
prevalence in South American and in Mexico
12-20 million people infected
105
what does t cruzi cause??
chagas disease
106
symptoms of chagas disease ?
chagoma: swelling of bite
fever, headache, weakness,
chronic phase: destroys neurons, megacolon, mega-esophagus
107
1st sign of infection?
romanas sign,
108
diagnosis of chagas disease?
blood look for trypanosomes
| -xenodiagnosis
109
treatment for chagas disease?
Nifurtimox
110
what is the purpose of the apical complex in aplicomplexa?
aid with penetration of cell
| -they are only found is sporozoite and merozoite stages
111
what structures are contained in apical complex?
polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes
112
what is the vector of plasmodium?
anopheles
113
describe the life cycle of plasmodium.
human becomes infected by female anopheles mosquito with plasmodium parasite. the infective stage is the sporozoite, where they enter the primary erythrocytic phase in liver where the sporozoite becomes a trophozoite, and wats away from liver cells. schizogony will then take place and merozoites will be produced. then merozoites will circulate the body and undergo the erythrocytic schizogenic cycle. merozoite will become trophozoite, they will eat from RBC and from parasitophorous vacuoles and hide from immune system(=signet ring)then will undergo schizogony and produce merozoite again in as well as gametocytes and they will be injested by female anopheles where gamogony will take place forming a zygote and then a ookinete will form then develops into oocyte and undergo sporogony and produce sporozoites
114
what are the stages of the life cycle in plasmodium?
schizogony, gamogony, sporogony
115
Shaffers dots are found in which organisms??
P vivax and ovale
116
Ziemann's dots are found in which parasite??
P. malariae
117
maurers dots are found in?
Falciparum
