test 4 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
human sparganosis is caused by
A
plerocercoid larvae after ingesting raw fish
2
Q
genus that cause human sparganosis
A
spirometra
3
Q
where can we find procercoid besides fish
A
cyclops and people that drink water from streams may become infected
4
Q
how do people get infected with spirometra?
A
by drinking contaminated h2o that has infected copepod’s, eating undercooked fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Plerocercoids are found in muscles
also, by applying flesh of vertebrate on wound
5
Q
juvenile worm
A
sparganum and they are able to migrate though different parts of the body
6
Q
pathological condition
A
compete for vitamin B-12
7
Q
sparganum in the brain
A
cerebral sparganosis
8
Q
pathology depends on what?
A
density of worms and the organs affected
9
Q
control and treatment
A
praziquantel
cook fish
foil or filter water
no flesh on skin
10
Q
human cysticercosis
A
caused by T. solium larvae cysticerci
- any organ of the body can be affected
- very common in Mexico :(
11
Q
special characteristics of T. solium
A
auto infection
12
Q
how does infection occur?
A
when embryonated eggs pass though the stomach and hatch in the intestine and gravid proglottids start laying eggs. Larvae can then hatch and travel everywhere
13
Q
what happens when cysticercus dies?
A
inflammatory reaction and calcification cyst
14
Q
most symptoms occurs when the cysticerci is in what location?
A
eye or brain
15
Q
ocular cysticercosis vs neuro-cysticercosis
A
in eye and in brain
16
Q
Hydatid disease is caused by:
A
the larvae of the Echinococcos worm
17
Q
what are the two species of Echinococcos?
A
granulusus and multilocularis
18
Q
what cysts are caused by granulosus
A
unilocular and osseous
19
Q
what cysts is caused by multilocularis
A
alveolar and this is the most pathogenic
20
Q
who are the definitive host of Echinococcos
A
cats and dogs
21
Q
intermediate hosts of Echinococcos
A
sheep, cattle, goats because they are grazers and they ingest the eggs laid by dogs and cats
22
Q
accidental hosts
A
humans dont play with your dog or cat because it can Kill you
23
Q
do you find adult worms in humans?
A
no, only in dogs and cats because they are the definitive hosts
24
Q
layers of the cysts caused by echonococcos
A
pericyst: host origin
ectocyst
endocyst
25
special characteristics of hydatid cyst
they develop gradually and have lots of fluid in them
| -they also represent dead end, unless consumes by a definitive host
26
types of hydatid cyst human and describe the differences
unilocular, osseous, alveola
27
epidemiology of Echinococcosis
common in herbivore -carnivore relationship
28
common countries
Australia, northern hemisphere
29
common countries
sheep-raising areas in Australia
northern hemisphere
kenya tribes eat dog intestines
30
symptoms of human hydatidosis
symptoms may take a while to develop since cyst are slow growing
- Compression of liver may result in jaundice and portal hypertension (most common)
- Cysts in the lungs (20-30% of total cases) can cause coughing up of blood (hemoptysis), difficulty in breathing (dyspnea) and chest pain
- 3% of cysts occur in brain or spinal cord, provoking acute inflammatory response, usually in the white matter
31
what happens when a cyst ruptures?
Once the cysts rupture, protoscolices become free, enter circulation & travel to tissues where they produce secondary echinococcosis
32
what happens if the fluid from the cyst enters the blood stream?
anaphylactic shock
33
diagnosis and treatment fir echinococccosis
treated with surgery
after surgery they inject 2% formalin to kill protoscolices and them chemotherapy follows with mebendazole and albendazole
and praziquantel for dogs since adult worms
34
Trichuris trichiura are also known as
whipworms
35
special characteristics of Trichuris trichiura
```
mouth with no lips
esophagus 2/3 of body
1 gonad
males have curly tail
females have a straight tail
```
36
characteristics of Trichuris trichiura eggs
2 polar plugs on each side
37
difference between adenophora and secernentea
adenophora has no plasmids and secernentea have plasmids
38
trichuris trichiura and trichinella spiralis belong to what class?
adenophora
39
conditions for the embryonation of trichuris trichiura eggs
moist, warm and shady soil like the hook worms
40
problem with trichuris trichiura
climate and people defecting outside
41
drugs used to treat condition
albendazole and mebendazole
42
larvae hatch in small intestine and how many eggs are passed in feces per day?
5-10 thousand
43
how do people become infected with trichuris trichiura?
by drinking contaminated water or children that play in dirk and put their hand in their mouth.
44
pathology of trichuris trichiura
may lead to secondary infections
- worms feed on RBC
- damage of epithelium and underlying submucosa can cause hemorrhage, which result in bloody stools and anemia
45
pathology in children infected with trichuris trichiura
recutum prolapse
46
diagnosis
find eggs in stool
47
prevention or control
good sanitary practices
| wash vegetable and fruits
48
condition caused by Trichinella spiralis
trichinosis
49
special characteristics of the adult worm of trichinella spiralis
males lack a copulatory spicule
-males also have alae
-females are 2x larger than males and have no alae
-
50
life cycle is unusual, why?
because they same animal may serve as a intermediate host or definitive host
51
what is the primary mode of infection of trichinosis?
by ingesting raw or undercooked pork
52
do you find eggs in feces for trichinella?
no, because females only give birth to juveniles
53
what happens when a person eats contaminated pork containing nurse cells?
they rich the small intestine and excapsulate and molt 4 times and then enter the intestinal mucosa
- copulation occurs after a day and females give birth to 1500 juveniles and then they die
- males die after copulation
54
what happens to the juveniles??
carried away by the hepatoportal system through the liver, then heart, lungs, arterial system, which distributes through all body
55
what parts of the body may the juveniles end up in
any tissue or space of the body. most commonly in diaphragm, jaws, larynx, eyes, tongue
56
what happens to juveniles when they find their preferred site
they make a nurse cell and absorb nutrients from the surrounding tissue
57
what happens to the nurse cell after it has been there for a year?
calcifies
58
who discovered trichinella
James Paget, a medical student
59
epidemiology of trichinella spiralis
sylvatic trichinosis
Urban trichinosis
occurs world wide
jews, hindus and moslems will never get infected because they don't eat pork
60
how do people and animals become infected
by eating other animals that are infected with nurse cells
61
pathogenesis of trichonosis stages (describe them)
mild: during penetration
damage host tissues, intestinal pain and inflammation, symptoms of food poisoning
severe: during migration of juveniles
- damage of blood vessels, wondering juveniles cause pneumonia, pleurisy, encephalitis, meningitis, nephritis, deafness, and loss of vision
moderate: during penetration and encystment in muscle cells
- myocarditis, may result in the death
- multiorgan failure
62
diagnosis and treatment of trichinella spiralis
xenodiagnosis
-no satisfactory treatment,
mebendazole for larvae and pyrantel pamoate for adult worms
63
control
public education
| cook pork
64
what are two hookworms of humans
ancylostoma duodenale(old world) and necator americanus (new world)
65
who descovered the life cycle of ancylostoma duodenale?
Arthur looss
66
eggs of hookworms
both sides are equally round
67
difference between Ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus
ancylostoma duodenale
- 2 pairs of teeth on the ventral wall of its capsule
- humans are common hosts
necator Americanus
- pair of dorsal and a pair of ventral cutting plates
- humans and dogs
68
conditions for eggs to embryonate
warmth, shade, organic environment, moisture
69
life cycle of hookworms
eggs, hatch into rhabditiform, then molt into L2 stage which they feed and grow, then L3 filariform(infective stage)
70
life cycle of hookworms
eggs, hatch into rhabditiform, then molt into L2 stage which they feed and grow, then L3 filariform(infective stage)
-penetration human skin
, lymphatic system, lungs, alveoli, glottis, gouged up and then swallowed and end up in small intestine which molt into 4th stage with enlarged buccal capsule , worm then becomes sexually mature
71
hook worm disease in 3 stages
invasive: penetration of skin
ground itch, slight hemorrhage and swelling, inflammation if pathogenic bacteria enters with worm
pulmonary: migration to the lungs
- results in pneumonitis when large number present
- dry cough and burning sensation of the chest
intestinal phase: after being swallowed, juveniles enter the small intestine, where they mature and invade tissues
72
unique symptoms caused by hookworms
geophagy
73
what happens when patient have heavy infections?
suffer from protein deficiency, anemia, dry skin and hair, edema, in children: delayed puberty, mental dullness heart failure and death
74
drugs for hookworms
mebendazole and iron
75
control
| diagnosis
proper handling of dog feces, public education, wear shoes,
76
creeping eruptions
cutaneous larva migrans
- juveniles penetrate the human skin but do not make it to the intestine
- cats and dogs
- drug: thiabendazole
77
Ascaris lumbricoides
```
largest nematode
global distribution
3 prominent lips and distinct lateral lines
males: blunt tail
females : pointy tail and wider
lay 200,000 eggs per day
feed on semi digested food
```
78
eggs of ascaris lumbricoides eggs
covered with a thick shell that appears lumpy or mammillated
79
life cycle of ascaris lumbricoides
fertilized eggs passed in feces, need ideal temperature, moisture and o2 for L1 to develop
-infection happens when embryonated eggs are ingested via contaminated water or food
eggs with L2 larva hatch in the small intestine, penetrate the mucosa and enter then lymph and circulatory system and go to the LIVER, right heart and then lungs in which they mild and reach sexual maturity (L3 L4)
-L4 then is coughed up and swallows back and goes to small intestine
-l4 survives gastric juices and they become mature
80
epidemiology
globally
- poor sanitation practices
- eggs are extremely resistant to hard conditions so hard to control
81
children are most likely to become infected by eating dirt
1 billion individuals infected
82
pathogenesis of ascaris
dying juveniles cause inflammatory reactions
- hemorrhage from lung capillaries
- Loeffler's pneumonia :accumulation of WBC and dead epithelium in lungs
- bacterial infections may occur
83
symptoms
diagnosis
treatment
in children: protein malnutrition
-intestinal obstruction results from abdominal pain, loss od appetite, nausea and vomiting
-diagnosis: eggs in feces
- treatment: no efficient treatment of migrating juveniles
- albendazole and mebendazole when infection is high
control: wash vegetables, prepare disposal of feces
84
Enterobius vermicularis
-pinworm
-no intermediate host
-commonn in mammals, birds reptiles, amphibians,
-wonder in GI tract
feed on epithelial cells and bacteria
85
life cycle of enterobius vermicularis
gravid female migrates out the anus at night and lays eggs, people scratch their but and put their finger in their mouth
- eggs may be air-borne
- males die after copulation
86
pruritus
eggs deposited on skin and cause intense itching and swelling (eggs: L3 juvenile )
87
retroinfection
larvae may hatch from the butt and crawl back into the intestine
88
pathology of enterobius vermicularis
may cause grinding of teeth in children
89
eggs of Enterobius Vermicularis
round on one side and flat on the other
90
male vs male adult Enterobius vermicularis
males have curly tail and females have a straight tail
91
what happens to the females after they have laid eggs?
they die and males die after copulation
92
eggs may also hatch in the nose
....
93
symptoms of enterobius vermicularis in children
sleeplessness, weight loss, hyperactivity, grinding of teeth
94
what may happen to a female infected with enterobius vermicularis
gravid females may migrate up the female reproductive system and become trapped and produce granulomata in uterus and fallopian tubes
95
what is the most common nematode in the US
Enterobius vermicularis
96
where are the female adults of enterobius vermicularis found?
in the large intestine and rectum
97
what stage do the eggs contain?
L3
98
vectors to enterobius vermicularis
hands, bed clothing, bed linens, floors, drapes, clothes, school rooms, desk tops the are contaminated with eggs
99
diagnosis
treatment
prevention
control
diagnosis: by eggs on feces, no worms really, bur barely any eggs
under bright light during the night
drugs: albendazole and mebendazole
control: personal hygiene, clean beds, clothes
100
blood and tissue-dwelling nematodes (filarial worms)
wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi in blood : sheathed
Loa loa and volvulus in subcutaneous tissues
101
non-filaria nematode found in the cutaneous tissue of humans
Dracunculus medinensis
102
characteristics of female filarial worms
viviparous, they produce juvenile called microfilariae
103
life cycle of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi
mosquito infects the infective juvenile when it feeds, the juveniles migrate to the lymph nodes, grow to sexual maturity , the females produce microfilariae which end up in the blood system, the mosquito then feed on blood and injects the microfilariae when it takes a blood meal, the microfilaria then develops into the infective juvenile in the mosquito
104
how many times does it molt in the mosquito?
twice until it turns into the 3rd stage filariform
and in humans after two additional molts it transform into the adult
105
what disease does wuchereria bancrofti develop?
Bancroftian filariasis
106
characteristics of Wuchereria bancrofti?
- adult are long, slender, smooth cuticle and rounded
- make is smaller than female
- they are found in the lymph channels
- female produce SHEATHED microfilariae
- microfilariae circulate in the blood.
- internal nuclei can be seen in the microfilariae, loosely packed and do not extend to the tip of the tail
107
special characteristics of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria
sheath, with loosely packed nucleus
108
periodicity og wuchereria bancrofti
the microfilaria is usually in blood system during the night hours (10pm-2am)
109
mosquitoes that serve as vectors genus'
culex, anopheles, aedes, mansonia
110
what happens to the microfilaria during the day since they are not in circulating blood?
they are concentrated in blood vessels of the deep tissues of the body
111
what happens to the microfilariae when ingested by the mosquito
they loose their sheath
| -L1 larvae (sausage shaped) molts 2 more times until it become L3 infective stage again
112
what happens to the microfilariae when ingested by the mosquito
they loose their sheath
| -L1 larvae (sausage shaped) molts, become L3 infective stage again
113
life cycle of wuchereria bancrofti
mosquito takes blood meal and injects L3, adults in lymphatic system, they produce sheathed microfilariae that migrate into the lymph and blood channels, mosquito tased blood meal and picks up the microfilariae form, sheath is then shed, L1, L3,
-migrate to head and mosquito salivary glands
114
absents stage in wuchereria Bancrofti
L2
115
epidemiology of wuchereria bancrofti
extends throughout central Africa, India, Australia
| -human infections are related to the ecology of the mosquito as well as human habitat
116
3 clinical phases associated with filariasis
1. incubation: asymptomatic because they take 6-8 months to mature
2. acute phase (inflammatory phase): microfilariae starts to be released and inflammation of the skin happens, skin may bust open and secondary infection with bacteria or fungus may occur
3. Obstructive phase: marked by lymph varicose , lymph in urine (white urine )
hydrocele in males
117
hydrocele
accumulation of lymph fluid in testis,
118
symptoms and diagnosis of brancrofti filariasis
skin becomes sickened and cracked, and invasive bacteria and fungi
-calcified worms via X-rays
microfilaria in blood, ultrasonography
119
treatment and control
Hetrazan for microfilaria and adults
metronidazole
-surgical treatment
don't get bitten by mosquitoes
120
what are the main 2 difference between Brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti
1. brugia has 2 terminal nuclei, none in wuchereria
| 2. brugian filariasis is now as widely distributed
121
cutaneous filarial parasite
loa loa - eye worm
122
where can you find loa loa
in rain forests of central and west africa
123
vector of loa loa
chrysops flies
124
what does loa loa cause?
loa filariasis
125
what happens when the chrysops fly injects the infective stage to the humaN/
larvae develops into adult which takes about a year
-during this process it lives adjacent to the skin and makes excursions through the subnormal tissue where it become visible
126
life cycle of loa loa
chrysops takes blood meal and injects the L3 larvae, then develop into adults in subcutaneous tissue, then they produce sheathed microfilaria which could be found in spinal fluid, urine, sputum, blood and in lungs ,
then microfilaria are picked up by the chrysops fly and gets rid of sheath, molts into L1 and L3 and ready to be delivered again
127
microfilariae of loa loa
sheathed microfilariae with blunt tail and nuclei extending to the tip
-found in blood during the day (10am -2pm )
128
when do pathological problems occur with loa loa?
when migrating adult worms appear near the surface of the skin
129
calabar swellings
related with loa filariasis
- when worms are under the skin, swelling occurs, but they are not permanent swelling, they follow the worm
- itchy and painful
130
what happens to dying worms?
cause chronic abscesses followed by granulomatous reactions and fibrosis
131
diagnosis and treatment
diagnosis: calabars swellings
- microfilaria in blood
treatment: surgical removal of swellings
- chemothreapy: Hetrazan and metronidazole
control: done get bitten by chrysops flies
132
ochocerca volvulus causes
river blindness and onchocerciasis
133
distribution of onchocerca volvulus
africa, arabia, central and South America, and Mexico
134
vector for onchocerca
simulium - black fly
135
where can you dine the adults of onchocerca volvulus?
adult worms live in the skin of humans
136
life cycle of onchocerca volvulus
the adult worms occur in "nodules" under the human skin, then the female worms produce microfilariae and they are found underneath the subcutaneous tissue, microfilariae are ingested by a black fly (simulium), the micro flagella then matures into L3 and is ready to be injected in humans again
137
microfilariae of onchocerca volvulus
unsheathed and are found in subcutaneous tissue
-pointed tail and nuclei free
138
what causes the major pathological symptoms in Onchocerca volvulus
microfilariae when they enter the eyes and die, causing blindness
139
pathology of onchocerciasis
may cause blindness
- death of microfilariae in skin cause severe dermatitis with depigmentation, and nodule where adults are found.
- intense pain and itch may cause people to commit suicide
140
pathological condition caused by Onchocerca volvulus
hanging groin: destruction of elastic tissues and formation or redact folds, appears skin to be old
141
diagnosis onchocerca volvulus
take the small sample and place in a saline drop---> microfilariae leave the skin
142
treatment for Onchocerciasis
DEC, kills the microfilariae but causes a strong allergic reaction MAZZOTTI reaction
- Ivermectin: effectieve for treating microfilariae, and no allergies reactions
- removal of nodules via surgery
143
Mazzotti reaction
caused by Dec, allergic reaction that may cause anaphylactic shock
144
Drancunculus insignis
referred as the guinea worm or serpent and causes the disease
145
life cycle of Drancunculus insignis
human drinks unfiltered water containing copepods with L3 larvae, then they are released when copepods die and. larvae then penetrates the hosts stomach and intestinal wall, they mature and reproduce
- fertilized female worms migrates to the surface of the skin and cause blister and discharges the larvae
- when human washes the blister, L1 larvae released into water from the emerging female worm
- L1 larvae consumed by a copepod and turns into L3
146
diesease name for drancunculus medinensis
drancunculiasis
147
treatment
remove worm with a small stick
148
mazzotti reaction is caused by.....
Treatment with DEC to kill microfilaria in onchocerciasis
149
what is the best drug to treat onchocerciasis??
ivermectin, kills the microfilaria with little or no reaction
- but does not kill adults
