test 3 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
features of Platyhelminthes
A
dorsoventrally Flat, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic(3 germ layers), acoelomate, cephalized, incomplete gut, Lack respiratory and circulatory system,
2
Q
what is acoelomate?
A
cavity filled with cells called parenchyma
3
Q
tegument and its contents
A
the outermost covering of the trematode
- has distal and proximal cytoplasm which are connected by cytoplasmic bridges
- function for resistance
4
Q
layers of tegument from the outer region to inside
A
distal cytoplasm, basal lamina, linked to glycocalyx, proximal cytoplasm (which has organelles and nucleus
5
Q
types of muscle in trematodes:
A
circular, longitudinal, diagonal
6
Q
acetabulum
A
ventral sucker
7
Q
tegument functions?
A
protection, nutrient absorption, synthesis and secretion of nutrients, excretion and osmoregulation, sensory role
8
Q
parts the digestive system
A
incomplete digestive system
-oral sucker which leads to the pharynx, then the esophagus, then to the alimentary tract, then forms caeca (2 branches)
9
Q
what is the function of the caeca
A
for digestion and absorption
10
Q
function of flame cells
A
excretion and water regulation
11
Q
excretory system organs
A
flame cells
collecting tubule
bladder
excretory pore
12
Q
major excretory contents
A
ammonia
13
Q
reproductive system of trematodes
A
- most are monoecious, except schistosome
- male reproductive parts generally develop first and store sperm for when needed (androgyny )
- female reproductive parts develop first for some free living parasites (gyandry )
14
Q
androgyny vs gyandry
A
….
15
Q
general rule for ovaries and testes
A
testes are found posterior to ovaries
16
Q
male reproductive system
A
usually have 2 testis
17
Q
male reproductive sperm path
A
testis, vas efferens, vas deferens (sperm storage), cirrus sac (seminal vesicle and prostate gland) and cirrus (penis)
18
Q
parts of female reproductive system ?
A
vitelline glands ootype seminal receptacle mehlis gland uterus laurer's Canal metraterm
19
Q
vitelline vs mehlis gland
A
vitelline: produced yolk and egg shell protection
mehlis gland: produce lubricant that will help eggs pass through uterus
20
Q
where does fertilization happen?
A
seminal receptacle
-sperm is also stored here and made available for when eggs are present
21
Q
uterus functions for
A
storage for fertilized eggs
22
Q
where are they eggs made
A
ootype
23
Q
function of metraterm
A
pushes egg out of the uterus and/ or serves for copulation when cinus is inserted and ejaculation occurs
24
Q
what does a trematode egg have?
A
vitelline glands and the developing miracidium
25
what is the range in size of trematode eggs ?
30-175 um
26
what is special about the eggs in trematodes ?
the visceral flukes have operculum in which they are allow to hatch the miracidium
most blood flukes do not have operculum
27
what is special about the egg of paragonimus westermani?
flat on one side and round on the other side
28
what is special about the egg of schistosomea Japonicia?
they are round and have no operculum
29
what are the stages in the life cycle of trematodes?
eggs, miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercária
30
facts about miracidium
have cilia all around it, they swim in water after hatching from the egg
- life span of 24 hours to find the snail host
- they have apical papilla
- penetrated the snail's integument
31
what is the role of apical papilla in miracidium
aids in penetration
-has sensory organs
has 3 secretory glands, one apical and 2 lateral
32
a miracidium will give rise to...
sporocyst
33
facts about the sporocyst
grow in different parts of the snail and they absorb nutrients
- have change the behavior of the snail
- germ ball become redia or more sporocyst
- inhabit the digestive glands, gonads and mantle of snail for further development
34
what organs do sporocyst lack?
pharynx or gut (mouth and digestive system)
35
development of sporocyst:
grow at site of penetration and everything disappears except protonephridia
36
facts about redia
have functional digestive system and mouth
- parasitic castration
- have stumpy appendages
- crawl within host and feed on other sporocyst or tissues of the snail
- they give rise to cercaria
37
how does cercaria leave the redia
through birth pore by the pharynx
38
cercaria characteristics
they have a tail and they attach to vegetation (2nd intermediate host)
- they form inside the host and they also have to escape the snail host
- may find and other host depending on species
39
well developed organs of cercaria
```
have mouth and oral sucker
-pharyx and intestine
- ventral sucker
excretory system
- genital primordium
-penetration glands
-cystogenous gland
-mucoid gland
-preacetabular gland
-postacetabular gland
```
40
what is the function of genital primordium
to give rise of female and male reproductive system in ceracria
41
what happens when cercaria attached to the vegetation?
they become the metacercaria ad everything disappears and it is the resting body and can live harsh condition. they live with stored nutrients
42
what happens when metacercaria finds the final host?
they need the right ph for excystation so they can develop into the adult stage
43
Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adult
```
invade the gallbladder and bile ducts in liver
large fluke
30 x 13 mm
oral and ventral sucker
cephalic cone
leaf-shaped
best studied trematode
```
44
egg characteristics of fasciola hepatica
unembryonated
| 120-150 x 63-90 um in size
45
what is the definite host of fasciola hepatica
cattle and sheep
46
what is the disease cause by fasciola hepatica
fascioliasis
47
symptoms of fasciola hepatica
abdominal pain, upper left quadrant,
| hyperplasia, jaundice, hepatitis
48
what the life span in human?
5-10 years
49
diagnosis:
look for eggs in feces
50
drugs for fasciola hepatica
praziquantel and bithional
51
where can you find fasciola hepatica
Australia, NZ, Caribbean islands, South America and WW
52
control and prevention of Fasciola hepatica
sheep and cattle feces should not be allowed in aquatic areas
53
how do people, sheep and cattle get infected with fasciola hepatica?
by eating contaminated plants with the metacercariae
54
what happens when people get infected with metacercaria of F hepatica
metacercariae excysts in the duodenum and go to liver to attain sexual maturity
55
what stages happen in the snail?
sporocyst, rediae, and cercaria
56
what is acute fascioliasis?
occurs in sheep only, and it happens when they inject more than 10000 metacercaria at once
57
characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis adult
small fluke
also infects the liver
has many host : cats, dogs, tigers, foxes
58
what is the primary and secondary host of clonorchis sinensis?
snail and then fish, human are definitive host
59
body of adult clonorchis sinensis?
has cecum, oral and mental sucker, elongated, genital pore is right above the acetabulum,
60
common characteristics of egg
colar at operculum, and a little spine at the top, partially embryonated so the snail has to ingest eggs and then the miracidium will develop
61
how do people become infected with clonorchis sinensis ?
the cercaria attaches to fresh water fish and they turn into metacercadia, and people eat fish that is undercooked or raw
62
one radiae of clonorchis sinensis produces how many cercaria?
5-50
63
what is the disease caused by clonorchis sinensis?
clonorchiasis
64
where is clonorchiasis the most common
in the Far East, Hong Kong
65
symptoms of clonorchiasis
they may cause cancer of the bile ducts (adenocarcinoma) depends on worm density
66
pathogenesis of clonorchis sinensis
upper left quadrant pain, jaundice
67
prevention and control
don't eat raw or undercooked fish
-treat feces before thrown into the environment.
68
diagnosis
recovery of eggs in feces
69
what are the two parasites that are similar to clonorchis sinensis?
Opisthorchis felines and O. Viverrini
70
flukes that invade the liver
Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis
71
small intestine flukes
fasciolopsis buski, heterophyes, metagonimus
72
lung fluke
paragonimus westernmani
73
what is special about Fasciolopsis buski?
largest trematode (75-20mm)
74
the body of the adult worm Fasciolopsis buski is similar to the body of Fasciola hepatica but there are 4 major differences. What are the differences?
1. caeca lack side branches
2. ventral sucker is larger than oral sucker
3. no cephalic cone
4. adults live in small intestine
75
number of eggs layer by fasciola hepatica and fasciolopsis buski is the same. what is it?
25000
76
life cycle of fasciolopsis buski is the same as fasciola hepatica, except that primary definitive host is?
the pig
77
how do people become infected with fasciolopsis buski
by eating raw fruits, vegetable and the aquatic plants that are not properly washed or cooked
78
what is special about the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis after being passed in feces?
they directly infect the snail, and the miracidium stage develops in the snail
79
what is the largest trematode?
fasciolopsis buski
80
symptoms of fasciolopsis buski?
most cases are asymptomatic, but mainly depends on worm density
81
worm that is sometimes diagnosed when the whole worm is in feces or vomiting, also in eggs
fasciolopsis buski
82
special characteristics of Echinostoma revolutum?
- found around the would
- have 37 spines around their mouths
- produce large operculate eggs
- parasite of small intestine
83
eggs of Echinostoma revolutum
-non embryonated eggs
-common in the USA
large operculate eggs
84
when he cercardia of echonostoma revolutum hatches they are able to infect.....
other snails, humans and aquatic birds are definitive hosts
85
what is the disease called for echinostoma revolutum?
echinostomiasis
86
embryonated eggs that directly infect the snail belongs to what species
clonorchis sinensis, heterophyes heterophyes, metagonimus yokagawai
87
characteristics of heterophyes heterophyes and metagonimus yokagawai
they are tear shaped
- embryonated eggs so directly ingested by the snail
- the intermediate host is the only thing that is direct between the two
- H.heterophyes prefers mullets and metagonimus yokagawai prefers salmon
88
where do heterophyes heterophyes and metagonimus yokagawai live in humans?
small intestine between the villi
89
what parts of the body can we find paragonimus westermani?
lungs, bain, viscera
90
what parts of the world can we find paragonimus westermani?
Japan, Korea, india, phillipines, west africa, peru, Colombia, venezuela
91
adult paragonimus westermani characteristics
reddish, brown coffee bean like
- have thick tegument covered with spines
- oral and ventral sucker is about the same size
92
special characteristic of the eggs of paragonimus eggs
unembryonated
| -have flattened operculum
93
life cycle of paragonimus westermani
adults live in lungs, eggs may be cooughed out in sputum or in feces when they get swallowed
- eggs I water last for over 2 weeks for the proper development of the miracidium
- then miracidium infects the snail and in the digestive gland they develop the sporocyst, rediae, and give rise to cercaria
94
special characteristics of cercaria in paragonimus westernmani
they have spine and knoblike tails, so no swimming, they crawl in rocks til they find crustaceans (freshwater crabs ad crayfish )
95
epidemiology of paragonimus westermani
ppl eat undercooked crustaceans worm excysts in duodenum and remain there, then they go to coelom and then diaphragm and pleura and then the bronchioles of lungs
96
disease caused by paragonimus westermani
paragonimiasis
97
symptoms in lungs
| -in abdominal wall and brain
lung : dry cough with blood, brownish sticks in sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain
brain: epilepsy cerebral tumor, paralysis
abdominal wall
98
diagnosis
eggs found in rust colored sputum
99
disease names for Schistosomiasis
snail fever, schistosomiasis, bilharziasis
100
species of schistosomes
haematobium, mansoni, japonicum
101
male vs female schistosome
```
male: has gynaecophoric canal
short and thicker
have oral and ventral sucker (acetabulum)
testes 5-9
no cirrus
```
female:
have no suckers
they are long and skinny
102
where does the adult haematobium reside?
veins of the urinary bladder
103
where does mansoni reside?
in the veins of the large intestine
104
where does japonicum reside?
veins of small intestine
105
stages of life cycle of schistomiasis
eggs with no operculum, but have spine and give rise to miracidium, miracidium infects fresh water snails and the become sporocyst and then cercaria, which then penetrate the mammalian skin and become a schistosomule
106
differentiate the eggs of schitosomes
.....
107
what happens if males and females get separated?
they do not sexually mature because of the sharing of hormones between the 2
108
explain what happens once the schistosomule has penetrated the skin?
schistosomule enters the skin and goes to the rt side of the heart where they enter pulmonary capillaries and feed on RBC, the go to right side of heart and then systematic circulation, then enter hepatic portal vein where they achieve sexual maturity and go to preferred site
109
epidemiology of Schistosomiasis
5% of world is infected
-china most common with S. japonicum
common in Asia, Africa, South America, Caribbean islands
-in Egypt, the highest cases of S. mansoni and S. haematobium
110
pathogenesis of schistosomiasis
bladder calcification
- bladder cancer
- urolithiasis (stones in uterus )
- may cause renal failure
- affects young children and men most common
- anemia because feed on RBC
111
where is S. mansoni most common?
africa and mainly south America
-primarily infects humans
-
112
where is S. haematobium most common?
africa and mainly infects humans
113
where is japonicum more common?
Far East Asia
| and mainly infects water buffalo
114
what condition does bird schistosomiasis cause?
```
mercurial dermatitis (summers itch)
just underneath the skin and never gets into the blood stream because it is recognized by the immune system
```
115
symptoms to schistosomiasis ?
flue like symptoms: stiff neck, lack of energy, near symptoms
116
what are the stages following penetration of schistosomiasis
initial phase: 4weeks to wo weeks, lungs to liver
intermediate phase: last 2 years
bloody stools because internal bleeding
final phase: eggs are trapped inside
- lead to necrosis
- hepatosplenomelagy
- granuloma
117
which one of the 3 species of schistosomiasis is more lethal
japonicum because up to 3000 eggs per day
- 31 reservoir hosts
- zoonosis
- can lead to fever, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and ascites
- eggs may enter the lungs, brains, spinal cord, may cause e paralysis, coma, death
118
urogenital schistosomiasis
caused by S. haematobium in males and females, in males it may cause infertility
119
pathogenicity of urogenital schistosomiasis
bladder and ureteral fibrosis and hydronephrosis (swelling of kidneys) in advanced cases
120
hematuria
bleeding
121
what are the other schistosomes that infect humans
Mekong and intercalated
122
characteristics of cestodes
ribbon like
- pheudo-segmented
- hermaphroditic
- completely lack digestive system
- endoparasitic: no stages occur outside the body
- larave infect both vertebrate and invertebrates
123
characteristics of trematodes
dorsoventral flat
- bilatrally symmetrical
- triploblastic
- acoelomate filled with parenchyma
- cephalized
- incomplete or no digestive system
- absent respiratory system, skeletal and circulatory
124
saprotic nutrition
feeding on liquid organic material by diffusion
125
evolution of cestodes
from free living
126
polyzoic vs monozoic
polyzoic: many prograttids
monozoic: 1 reproductive organ
127
body parts of cestodes:
scolex, neck, and strobula
128
acetabulate vs bothraite scolex
acetabulate:
- shaped like a cup
- 4 suckers evenly spaced
- armed scolex: has hooks
- has rostellum
ex: pork tapeworm
Bothraite:
- finger shaped
- 2 cavity structures called bothria
- ex: beef tape worm
129
immature
mature
gravid
...
130
anapolytic vs apolytic
anapolytic: eggs excreted in feces
apolytic: gravid proglottids detached and passed through feces
131
characteristics of tegument
absorb nutrients
- covered with microtriches (microthrix); like needles
- glycocalyx
- distal, region, tegumental musculature, proximal
132
Taenia saginata vs taenia solium
.
133
hemenolepis nana vs heminolepis diminuta
.
134
dipylidium canimum
.
135
Diphyllobothrium latum
.
