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Human Bio > TEST #2 > Flashcards

TEST #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Macromolecule?

A

Orgamic molecules that have a big size and are pretty complex (Contains carbon and oxygen)

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2
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

Macromolecule made of only one unit

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3
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

Macromolecule made of many monomers subunits

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4
Q

What is the General formula of Carbohydrates?

A

CxH2xOx

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5
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

Carbs with only one unit of sugar

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6
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Carbs with two units of sugar

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7
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Carbs with multuple units of sugar

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8
Q

What are three examples of Polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen

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9
Q

What is starch?

A

Polymer of glucose, used by plants to store energy

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10
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Polymer of glucose, component of plants

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11
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of glucose, stored in animal tissues (muscles and liver)

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12
Q

What is the main function of Carbohydrates?

A

Glucose, in carbs, is the favorite fuel for cells

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13
Q

Are lipids Hydrophobic?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the three major lipids group?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids (sterols)

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15
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

A major group of lipids, they are abundant in the body tissue (fat)

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16
Q

What are Saturated Fats?

A

Fatty acid without a double carbon bond, comes from animal sources and is solid or semi-solid

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17
Q

What are Unsaturated Fats?

A

Fatty acid with double carbon bonds, comes from plants sources and is liquid

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18
Q

What are Trans Fat?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids that get transformed in the goal of making food last longer

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19
Q

What are the roles of Triglycerides?

A

Important fuel source for the body
Insulation and Protection
Help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

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20
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

Modified Tryglicerides, main structural components of cell membranes

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21
Q

What are the Proteins Functions?

A

Structural (Keratin in nails and hair)
Movement (Actin and myosin in muscle cells)
Defense (Antibodies)
Storage (Albumin in egg white provides storage)
Signaling (Growth Hormone is a hormonal messenger)
Catalyzing reactions (Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch)

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22
Q

What are Enzymes and their funcions?

A

Proteins with a specific function

  • Catalysts increase rate or reactions
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts
  • Lower required activation energy
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23
Q

What are the goals of digestion?

A

Extract nutriens from food and make energy (ATP)

Obtain Amino Acids

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24
Q

What are the 6 Digestive Activities?

A 
Ingetion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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25
What is Ingestion?
Entry of food throught the mouth Chewing, mixing with saliva and the first enzyme to create bolus Digestive Activity
26
What is Propulsion?
Moving food forward through the digestive tract | Digestive Activity
27
What is Mechanical Digestion?
``` Physical process of making smaller piece out of big ones using : - Mastication - Churning (Stomach; Bolus --> Chyme) - Segmentation (Mixing together) Digestive Activity ```
28
What is Chemical Digestion?
Enzymes breaking down Macromolecules | Digestive Activity
29
What is Absorption?
Nutrients exiting the interstinal lumen in the small intestine and going throught the intestinal wall to enter body Digestive Activity
30
What is Defecation?
Food that was not absorbed exiting the body | Digestive Activity
31
What are the Major Functions of the Mouth? (5)
``` Ingest food Chews and Mixes food Begins chemical breakdown of carbs Begins breakdown of lipids throught lingal lipase Moves food into the pharynx ```
32
What is the Major Function of the Pharynx?
Propels food from mouth to the esophagus
33
What is the Major function of the Esophagus?
Propels food to the stomach
34
What are the Major Functions of the Stomach? (3)
Mixes and chums food with gastric juices to form Chyme Begins chemical breakdown of Proteins Releases food into the duodenum as Chyme
35
What are the Major Functions of the Small Intestine? (4)
Mixes chyme with Digestive Juices Propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption Absorbs breakdown products of Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Vitamins, Minerals and Water Performs Physical digestion via Segmentation
36
What are the three Accessory Organs in Digestion?
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
37
What is the Main Function of the Liver in Digestion?
Produces Bile Salts, which Emulsify Lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption
38
What is the Main Function of the Gallblader in Digestion?
Stores, Concentrates and Releases Bile
39
What is the Main Function of the Pancreas?
Produces Digestive Enzymes like Pancreatic Juice and Bicarbonate HUGE ROLE IN DIGESTION
40
What are the Main Functions of the Large Intestines?
Further breaks down food residues Absorbs most residual water, electrolytes and vitamins produced by enteric Bacteria Propels Feces toward the Rectum Eliminates Feces
41
What are the two enzymes in the mouth?
Salivary amylase and lingual lipase
42
Description of Salivary Amylase?
Active in the mouth and stomach, converts Startch to Maltose
43
How does the Protein digest in the Stomach?
Pepsinogen (inactive) activates and becomes pepsin. With the help of HCL, the convert Proteins to Peptides
44
What is the Pro and the Con of having an acidic pH in the Stomach?
Kills most pathogenic bacteria | May digest itself, Inflammation
45
How does Lipids digets in the Stomach?
Gastric Lipase is activated and starts lipid digestion
46
What are the sections in the Small Intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
47
Where is Bile Produced?
Liver
48
Where is Bile stored?
Gallbladder
49
What is Emulsification?
Taking a large globule and breaking it down to pieces
50
What is Jaundice?
Skin turning yellow due to bilirubin
51
What is Cirrhosis?
Chronic inflimmation of the liver caused by alcoholism
52
What are the enzymes on Microvilli in the Small Intestines?
Peptidase, Maltase, Sucrase and Lactase
53
What causes Diarrhea?
Too Little water absorption in the large intestine
54
What causes Constipation?
Too much water absorption in the large intestine
55
What is Metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions essential to life
56
What are Anabolitic reactions?
Use energy to synthesize macromolecules
57
What are Catabolic reactions?
Breakdown of macromolecules to release energy
58
What are energy storage molecules?
Glycogen and Triglycerides | Store energy to be used later
59
What are the three Macronutrients?
Carbs Proteins Lipids
60
What are plant sources for Carbs?
Fruits, Honey, Grains, Veggies, Milk
61
What are the downsides of bad Carbs?
Refined Sugars Empty Calories DIgested and absorbed rapidly Increase blood glucose level
62
What is a good Carb?
Fibers Not digested, so not absorbed Polysaccharides, slow digestion
63
How much ATP does 1 Glucose gives?
36 ATP
64
What happens when there is a lack of Glucose?
Gluconeogenesis Performed in Liver From non-sugar molecules
65
What happens when there's an Excess of Glucose?
Surplus are stored in Glycogen, then in Triglycerides in adipose tissue
66
What is Hyperglycemia?
Too much sugar Brings glucose from the blood to the cells Stops the breakdown of glycogen Stops the making of new glucose
67
What is Hypoglycemia?
Too little sugar Stop cells from taking glucose Breals down glycogen Provokes the synthesis
68
What are sources of lipids?
Meat, ehhs, cheese, olive oil, coconuts, nuts
69
What are Lipoproteins?
Mix of proteins and lipids
70
What are the different Lipoproteins?
``` VLDL = Very Low Density Lipoproteins (High on Lipids) LDL = Low Density Lipoproteins HDL = High Density Lipoproteins (High on Proteins) ```
71
What is Lipogenesis?
Making of lipids
72
Where is Lipogenesis happening?
Adopocytes and Hepatocytes
73
How many Amino Acids and Essential Amino Acids are there?
20 Amino Acids and 9 Essential Amino Acids
74
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?
Daily energy expended at rest, at normal temperature
75
What are calories?
Heat needed to raise 1kg of water by 1 C
76
What are Vitamins?
Essential Organic Compounds, only a small amount is needed and they do not provide energy
77
What are the Lipid-Soluble and the Water-Soluble Vitamins?
A, D, E, K are Lipid-Soluble | B and C are Water Soluble
78
Benefits of Vitamin A?
Facilitates Eyesight
79
Benefits of Vitamin D?
Increasis calcium and Minrerals absorption, Bones
80
Benefits of Vitamin E?
Neatralizes peroxides and free radicals that cause damage to cells and enzymes
81
Benefits of Vitamin K?
Helps the synthesis of prothrombin
82
Benefits of Vitamins B?
Act as coenzymes, essential for metabolic processes
83
Benefits of Vitamin C?
Promotes iron absorption
84
What are Minerals?
Inorganic compounds that must come from the diet

Human Bio (3 decks)

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