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TEST #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

Transportation
Defense
Maintenance of Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the blood transporting?

A

Nutrients
Oxygen and CO2
Hormones
Wastes

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3
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35 and 7.45

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4
Q

What type of tissue is Blood?

A

Connective Tissue

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5
Q

What is blood made of with percentages?

A

Plasma (55%)
Red Blood Cells (45%)
White Blood Cells and platelets (1%)

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6
Q

What is Blood Plasma made of?

A 
90% Water
Plasma Proteins like:
-	Albumin
-	Fibrinogen
-	Globulins
Solutes
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7
Q

What is the function of Red Blood Cells?

A

Oxygen and CO2 transport (tissues to lungs and lungs to tissue)

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8
Q

How long do Red Blood Cells live for?

A

4 Months

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9
Q

What are two disorders caused by Red Blood Cells?

A

Anemia (Too little Red Blood Cells)

Polycythemia (Too Much Red Blood Cells)

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10
Q

Function of WBC?

A

Body Defense Mechanism

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11
Q

Function of Thrombocytes (Platelets)?

A

Repair damaged Blood Vessels

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12
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

Process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further bleeding

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13
Q

What are the three steps of Hemostasis?

A

Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation

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14
Q

How does Hemostasis Works?

A

Vascular Spasm: Muscle in the vessel wall contracts near the injury point to reduce blood loss
Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets are attracted by the exposed collagen fibers and begin sticking onto it
Coagulation: Fibrinogen converts into fibrin and makes a mesh clot, reparation starts after Coagulation

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15
Q

What are the three types of Blood Vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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16
Q

What are Arteries?

A

Blood Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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17
Q

What are three characteristics of Arteries?

A

Thick Walls
Elastic Walls
Smaller Lumen

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18
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of fat in arteries, can cause heart attacks if untreated

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19
Q

What are Veins?

A

Blood Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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20
Q

What are two characteristics of Veins?

A

Thin Walls

Larger lumen

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21
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Blood Vessels that supply Blood to the tissues

They link Arteries and Veins

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22
Q

What are two characteristics of Capillaries?

A

Single cell thick

Leaky Walls

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23
Q

What are the two receiving chambers of the Heart?

A

Left and Right Atria

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24
Q

What are the two pumping chambers of the heart?

A

Left and Right ventricle

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25
What is the Pulmonary Circuit?
Blood circuit from the heart to the lungs and vice-versa | Picks up O2 and release CO2
26
What is the systemic circuit?
Blood Circuit from the heart to the body and vice versa | Delivers Oxygenated blood and brings back deoxygenated
27
What is the function of the different heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
28
What's a Heartbeat?
Heart sounds are caused by valves closing
29
What is a Heart Murmur?
Valves not fulling closing, blood flowing back
30
What is the Cardiac Muscle made of?
``` Contractile Cells (99%) Conductin Cells (1%) Intercalated Discs ```
31
What are the Contractile Cells function in the Cardiac Muscle?
Conduct Impulses and Contract
32
What are the Conducting Cells function in the Cardiac Muscle?
Electrical conduction system | Initiate and Propagate the action potential
33
What are the Intercalated discs function in the Caridiac Muscle?
Hold Cells together | Synchronize the contraction of cardiac muscle cells
34
What is the Cardiac Cycle?
Starts with contraction of atria, ends with ventricular relaxation
35
What are the six steps of Cardiac Conduction?
1) Resting conduction system | 2) Sa node initiates electrical impulse, spreads across Atria and they contract
36
What is the function of the Electrocardiogram?
Trace the electric signals of the heart
37
What are the three steps of the complete Cardiac Cycle?
Depolarization of Atria QRS Complex T Wave
38
What happens in the P Wave step in the Cardiac Cycle?
Depolarization of Atria
39
What happens in the QRS Complex step in the Cardiac Cycle?
Depolarization of Ventricles | Masks repolarization of Atria
40
What happens in the T Wave step in the Cardiac Cycle?
Repolarization of ventricles
41
What is the Blood Pressure?
Force applied by blood on vessels
42
What is the Systolic Pressure?
Blood pressure measured during ventricular systole, Its higher than Diastolic Pressure and should be 120mm Hg
43
What is the Diastolic Pressure?
Blood pressure measured during ventricular diastole, its lower than Systolic Pressure and should be 80 mm Hg
44
What are three elements that influence Blood Pressure?
Cardiac Output Blood Volume Blood vessels diameter
45
What is the Cardiac Output?
Blood flow through ventricles | The more Cardiac Output, the more Blood Pressure
46
What influences the Cardiac Output?
``` Heart size Cardiac Muscle (Cardio) ```
47
What is Hypertension?
Elevated Blood Pressure Caused by Genetics, Smoking, Obesity, etc. Causes Heart attacks, strokes, Aneurysm
48
What is the Urinary System?
Organs responsible for Urine Production, Storage and Elimination
49
What is Urine made of?
Water (95%) | Waste products from Blood
50
What are the two function of the Urinary System?
Excrete Cellular Waster | Maintain Homeostasis
51
What is the Urethra?
Transports urine outside of the body, short on women but long on men
52
What is the function of the Bladder?
Collects and stores the Urine
53
What are the Ureters?
The Exit route for urine from the Kidneys
54
How many Nephrons are in a Kindey?
A Million
55
Role of the Renal Corpuscle?
Pressure-Filters the blood
56
Role of Proximal Tube?
Returns essential molecules to Blood
57
Role of the Nephron loop?
Helps with urine concentration | Mantains water in Blood
58
Role of the Distal Tubule?
Place where filtrate becomes urine | Last chance to remove something from urine
59
Role of the Collecting duct?
Collects the urine from the Nephrons
60
What are the four blood vessels of the Kidneys?
Renal Artery Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Renal Vein
61
What is the Role of Nephrons
Produce filtrate and change it into true urine | Balance blood plasma homeostasis and excrete toxins
62
What are the three processes of Urine Formation?
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
63
Where does the Filtration happen?
Glomerulus
64
Where does most of the Reabsoption happen?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
65
What are all the parts of the Reabsorption and Secretion of Urine?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Collecting Duct (CD)
66
What is it called when you find glucose in the blood?
Glycosuria
67
What does the descending loop of Henle does?
Osmosis takes out H20 and brings in Urea
68
What does the ascneding loop of Henle does?
Takes out Sodium and Calcium with Pumps
69
What is urinalysis influenced by?
Water Intake Exercise Environmental Temperature Nutrients Intake
70
What is Normal Urine volume?
1 to 2 liters per day
71
What is it called when there is too much urine?
Polyuria, caused by Diabetes
72
What is it called when there is too little urine?
Oliguria or Anuria, Enlarged prostate, Kidney failure
73
What explains red blood?
Presence of RBC, caused by Kidney Damage or Kidney Stones
74
What explains green blood?
Bacterial Toxins
75
What explains cloudy urine?
Bacteria Blood Cells Proteins
76
What is the normal pH of Blood?
4.5 to 7.5 (Average 6)
77
What is the 4 roles for Kidneys?
Regulation of blood osmolarity Regulation of pH Regulation blood pressure Regulation oxygen levels
78
What steps do the body take when there is low blood pressure?
``` Kidneys release enzyme Renin Renin forms the hormone Angiotensin I that becomes Angiotensin II Constriction of arteries ADH Production Aldosterone production ```
79
What steps do the Body takes when there is low oxygen levels?
Kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO (Steroids) | It stimulates RBC production
80
What is Hemodialysis
If Kidneys fail, you have to go three times a week to clean up the blood

Human Bio (3 decks)

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