Test 2- Anatomy 1

Question 1

Nervous System function

1. _________ provides for generation of nerve impulses (action potentials) that communicate with and regulate most body tissues
2. Responsibility for maintaining homeostasis is shared by the _____ and _________
3. Nervous system regulates body activities by responding rapidly using _________
4. Endocrine system responds more slowly by use of ________

Answer 1

1. Nervous system
2. Nervous system/Endocrine System
3. Nerve impulses
4. Hormones

Question 2

Nervous system function

1. _______ is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

Answer 2

1. Neurology

Question 3

Nervous System structures

1. Central nervous system consist of: _______, ______
2. Peripheral nervous system consist of: _______, _______, _______
3. The nervous system comprises of the ______, ______, _______, ______, _______, and ________

Answer 3

1. Brain/Spinal cord
2. Cranial nerves, 12 pairs/Spinal nerves, 31 pairs/Peripheral nerves
3. Brain/Spinal cord/Spinal nerves/Ganglia/Enteric Plexuses/Sensory receptors

Question 4

Functions of the Nervous System

1. ______ detect changes in the internal or external environment
2. Sensory neurons are _______ neurons
3. ________ analyze and store information, make decisions
4. _______ respond to decisions, carry information from brain and spinal cord to ______
5. Motor neurons are _______ neurons

Answer 4

1. Sensory receptors
2. Afferent
3. Integrative
4. Motor neurons/Effectors
5. Efferent

Question 5

General organization of the Nervous System

1. ______ is sensation from body wall, limbs, head, special sense. Motor control of skeletal muscle (Voluntary control)
2. ______ is sensation from internal organs like heart, lungs, bladder. Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle gland (Involuntary control)
3. _______ Is sensation from gastrointestinal tract. Motor control of smooth muscle and glands of the gastrointestinal tract (Involuntary control)

Answer 5

1. Somatic
2. Autonomic
3. Enteric

Question 6

Organization of the nervous system

1. _______ consist of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system
2. Each subdivision of the PNS has both ______ and _____ neurons.
3. The motor part of the autonomic nervous system consist of two branches _______ and _______

Answer 6

1. Peripheral nervous system
2. Sensory/motor
3. Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

Question 7

Terms associated with assemblages of neurons

1. _____ is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the Peripheral Nervous system
2. ______ is a group of neuronal cell bodies in the Peripheral nervous system (plus associated tissues)

Answer 7

1. Nerve/Peripheral nervous system

2. Ganglion/Peripheral nervous system

Question 8

Terms associated with assemblages of neurons

1. ______ is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the Central nervous system
2. _______ is an association (a bundle) of (unmyelinated) nerve cell bodies in the Central nervous system
3. ______ is an extensive network of nerves found within the peripheral nervous system

Answer 8

1. Tract/Central nervous system
2. Nucleus/Central nervous system
3. Plexus/Peripheral nervous system

Question 9

Cells of the Nervous system

1. ______ are cells that have the property of electrical excitability, and are specially adapted to _____ and transmit _______
2. _______ are cells of the nervous system that support, nourish and protect the _____

Answer 9

1. Neurons/Produce/Action Potentials

2. Neuroglia/Neuons

Question 10

Structure of a typical neuron

1. The basic parts of a neuron are _______ and nerve fibers comprising of ______, and ______
2. Name adaptations for neurons are ______ and _______

Answer 10

1. Cell body/Axon/Dendrites

2. Axoplasm (the cytoplasm of an axon)/Axolemma (the plasmalemma of axon)

Question 11

Structure of a typical neuron

1. Like most cells, neurons have nucleus, cytoplasm, and typical organelles…… Also they have specialized forms of typical organelles, primarily the ________, which are prominent ______ of the __________

Answer 11

1. Nissl bodies/Clusters/Rough ER

Question 12

Structure of a typical neuron

1. ________: Receiving portion of a neuron. Typically short, tapering, highly branched
2. _______: Propagates impulses to another neuron, muscle, or nerve. Can approximate three feet long in humans

Answer 12

1. Dendrite

2. Axon

Question 13

Structure of a Typical neuron

Axon is

1. Virtually always only a ______ axon per neuron
2. Typically arises from an elevation in the cell body called the ______
3. First part is called the ______
4. Impulses (action potentials) generally arise in the ______, ______, and _______

Answer 13

1. Single
2. Axon Hillock
3. Initial Segment
4. Trigger zone/Junction of hillock/initial segment

Question 14

Structure of a typical neuron

1. Axon contains: _______, ________, ________
2. Axon does not contain: _______

Answer 14

1. Mitochondria/Microtubules/Neurofibrils

2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Structure of a typical neuron

1. Axon and collaterals end by dividing into _______, which end in either ______ or _______

Answer 15

1. Axon terminals (telodendria)/Synaptic end bulbs/Varicosities

Question 16

Structure of a typical neuron

1. What are the 2 substructures of cytoskeleton and their function?

Answer 16

1. -Neurofibrils:intermediate filaments, provide cell shape and support
   
   • Microtubles: tublin, participate in moving material between the cell body and axon

Question 17

Axonal Transport

1. _______: 1-5mm per day, Transports axoplasm to growing or generating axons. One way only form ______ to ______
2. _______: 200-400mm per day. Two way transport both 3._____ and 4._____ from 5._____. Uses 6.______ as tracks and motors. Transports organelles and materials that are used to form 7._____, ______, and _______

Answer 17

1. Slow axonal transport/Cell body/Axon terminals
2. Fast axonal transport
3. Toward
4. Away
5. Cell body
6. Microtubules
7. Axolemma membranes/Synaptic end bulbs/ Synaptic vesicles

Question 18

Classifying Neurons

1. ______ is based on the number of processes (axons or dendrites) extending from the cell body
2. ______ have several dendrites and only one axon and are located throughout the brain and spinal cord

Answer 18

1. Structural classification

2. Multipolar neurons

Question 19

Classifying Neurons

1. ______ have one main dendrite and one axon. They are used to convey the special senses of sight, smell, hearing and balance
2. _______ Contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon and as a dendritic root. This structure is often employed for sensory neurons that convey touch and stretching information from the extremities

Answer 19

1. Bipolar neurons

2. Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

Question 20

1. ________ not excitable cells. Smaller, more numerous than neurons, play a supporting role, and make up about half the volume of the CNS.
2. In cases of injury or disease, ______ multiply to fill in the spaces formerly occupied by _______

Answer 20

1. Neuroglia

2. Neuroglia/Neurons

Question 21

Neuroglia cells and locations

1. Neuroglia of the CNS: _________, ________, ________, ________
2. Neuroglia of the PNS: _______, _________

Answer 21

1. Astrocytes/oligodendrocytes/Microglia/Ependymal Cells

2. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)/Satellite cells

Question 22

Neuroglia

1. __________: Regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS; help form the blood brain barrier, take up excess neurotransmitters, may influence formation of neural synapses
2. _______: myelinate axons in the CNS
3. ________: Phagocytes of the CNS

Answer 22

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia

Question 23

1. _________: Line the ventricles of the brain; produce, monitor, and aid in circulation of CSF; help form the blood CSF barrier
2. ________: Myelinate axons in the PNS
3. _________: second type of PNS neuroglia. They provide structural support and regulate exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

Answer 23

1. Ependymal cells
2. PNS Schwann cells
3. Satellite cells

Question 24

Mitosis of nervous system cells

1. ________ do not typically undergo Mitosis, meaning if a neuron dies there is no reservoir of cells to replace it
2. _________ do undergo mitosis

Answer 24

1. Neurons

3. Neuroglial Cells

Question 25

Myelination 1. Myelination is produced by ________ and _________ 2. Myelin is a _______ complex of _____ and ______ 3. _______: myelin prevents loss of electrical signal; speeds up conduction of nerve impulses 4. Myelination requires the _______ cell to have wrapped its ______ around the axon many times

Answer 25

1. Schwann (PNS)/Oligodendrocytes (CNS) 2. Multi-layered/lipids/proteins 3. Insulate axons 4. Glial cell/plasma membrane

Question 26

Myelination in the PNS 1._______: the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath.

Answer 26

1. Neurolemma

Question 27

Myelination Process 1. ________ inner portion successively encircles the axon, formation many layers that comprise the _________ 2. The nucleus of the neurolemmocyte come to reside in the ______, which is the outer nucleated _________ of the Schwann cell

Answer 27

1. Schwann Cell/Myelin Sheath | 2. Neurolemma/Cytoplasmic layer

Question 28

1. __________:outer layer of a myelination Schwann cell, contains the nucleus and virtually all the cytoplasm, not to be confused with the Axolemma, found only around the axons in the PNS 2. ________: only on nerve fibers supplied by potentially myelin producing cells. Found in PNS and CNS

Answer 28

1. Neurolemma | 2. Nodes of Ranvier

Question 29

Nerve Fiber Relationships 1. Nerve fiber consists of _____ plus _____ when present 2. The ________ surrounds the nerve fibers. Therefore the _______ overlies the _________

Answer 29

1. Axon/myelin sheath | 2. Endoneurium/Endoneurium/Schwann Cells

Question 30

Myelination in the CNS 1. ________ have multiple processes, each process can form a myelinated segment. 2. ________ can myelinate several segments of _____ axon or can participate in myelination of ________ axons 3. A neurolemma is not present in the _____ because the Oligodendrocytes cell body and nucleus do not _________

Answer 30

1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes/1/several 3. Envelop the axon

Question 31

Myelination in the CNS 1. One Oligodendrocyte can myelinate _______ times 2. There is no _________ 3. There are ________

Answer 31

1. Multiple 2. neurolemma 3. Nodes of Ranvier

Question 32

Gray and White Matter in the central nervous system 1. _________: a region predominantly filled with myelinated tract fibers. The appearance is due to the Whitt’s color of myelin 2. _________: a region predominantly filled with neuronal cell bodies. There is little or no myelin in these areas, and the Nissi bodies Impact a _________

Answer 32

1. White Matter | 2. Gray Matter/Gray color

Question 33

Membrane Potential 1. Virtually all cells in the body exhibit a membrane. Potential, which is an _________ across the membrane 2. Nerve cells are highly adapted for using membrane potentials, and changes in membrane potentials to _______ and ________ nerve impulses

Answer 33

1. Electrical Voltage difference | 2. Initiate/Transmit

Question 34

Neuronal signals Neurons communicate with one another by using two types of electrical signals: 1. ___________ for both short and long distance communication within the body. This __________ 2. ____________ for short distance communication only. The physiological role of the ________ is to _______ and _______ the generation of action potentials. 3. Both types of signal depend on two features of the plasma membrane of excitable cells: __________ and __________

Answer 34

1. Action Potentials/All or none 2. Graded Potentials/Graded potentials/affect/effect 3. Existence of a resting membrane potential/presence of specific ion channels

Question 35

Membrane Potential 1. ________ is measured across the ________ and is relative to the _________

Answer 35

1. Voltage/Plasma Membrane/Outside of the cell

Question 36

Membrane Potential 1. _________ means potential energy that can cause a flow of electrical current 2. If opposite charges are separated in space, their _______ is the ______ measured in _______

Answer 36

1. Potential | 2. Attractive force/Potential/Volts

Question 37

Membrane Current 1. _______ is a flow of charged atoms or molecules 2. ________ is the flow of electrons 3. _________ means flow of ions: _______, _______, _________

Answer 37

1. Current 2. Electrical Current 3. Body Current/Na+/K+/Ca2+

Question 38

Ion Channels 1. When ________ are open, specific ions are allowed to move across the __________ down their electrochemical gradient

Answer 38

1. Ion Channels/Plasmalemma

Question 39

1. _______ is part of a channel protein that opens or closes to allow or prevent the passage of ions 2. Not all ________ have gates

Answer 39

1. Gate | 2. Membrane Channels

Question 40

Types of Ion Channels 1. ________: not gated, randomly open and closes. The resting membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ 2. ________: A chemical that binds to a receptor molecule. Channels open or close in response to chemical binding 3. ________: Open in response to mechanical stimuli 4. ________: Open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

Answer 40

1. Leakage channels 2. Ligand gated channels 3. Mechanically gated channels 4. Voltage-gated channels

Question 41

1. ___________: is the voltage difference measured across the plasma membrane when the neuron isn’t signaling 2. Membrane is _________ 3. All membrane potentials are reported as the _______ of the inside of the membrane ______ to the outside of the membrane. 4. Varies from cell to cell averaging to _____ mV

Answer 41

1. Resting membrane potential 2. Polarized 3. Potential/relative 4. -70mV

Question 42

Resting membrane charge distribution 1. The resting membrane potential Is due to a small buildup of _______ in the cytosol just inside the ________, and an equal buildup of _______ in the _________ just outside the membrane

Answer 42

1. Anions/Membrane/Cations/Extracellular fluid

Question 43

Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential 1. ____ and ____ are in higher concentration in the extracellular fluid 2. ____, ______, _______, and ________ are in higher concentration in the intracellular fluid 3. The resting membrane is 50 to 100 times more permeable to ____ than to _____ 4. _____ permeability is in between that of Na+ and K+ 5. The membrane is _______ to nearly all of the ______ charged intracellular molecules

Answer 43

1. Na+/Cl- 2. K+/Organic phosphates (-)/Amino acids (-)/ Proteins (-) 3. K+/Na+ 4. Cl- 5. Impermeable/negatively

Question 44

Establishing the resting membrane potential 1. _____ diffuses down its concentration gradient out of the cell 2. The _______ charged ions are left behind because they cant get through the membrane 3. The interior of the membrane becomes _______ charged; the exterior becomes _______ charged; net diffusion of ____ stops 4. _______ diffuses into the cell but at a much lower rate than ____ diffuses out because the membrane is _____ permeable to _____ 5. A little _____ diffuses into the cell, also making the interior more ______ 6. Net result: _____________

Answer 44

1. K+ 2. Intracellular negatively 3. Negatively/Positively/K+ 4. Na+/K+/less/Na+ 5. Cl-/negative 6. The resting membrane potential

Question 45

Graded potentials 1. _____ or ______ ion channels produce graded potentials in response to stimuli 2. _______ means the size of the change in the membrane potential varies in portion to strength of the stimulus 3. Local effect only: ______ open, _______ flows through the membrane and along the ________ and travels only a _______ distance before diminishing to zero

Answer 45

1. Ligand gated/Mechanically gated 2. Graded 3. Channels/Current/Membrane/short

Question 46

Graded potentials 1. A graded potential can either ______ the membrane or ________ the membrane 2. _________: Membrane becomes more polarized (more negative) 3. _________: Membrane becomes less polarized (less negative or more positive)

Answer 46

1. Depolarize/Hyperpolarize 2. Hyperpolarization 2. Depolarization

Question 47

Action Potentials 1. Once an action potential is generated it travels the _____ of the ______ and can initiate an action potential in subsequent ________, ________, or ________ 2. Action potentials are _________

Answer 47

1. Length/neuron/Neurons/Muscles/Glands | 2. All or None

Question 48

Ion Flow during action potentials 1. Resting state has both _____ and _____ voltage gated channels closed 2. Depolarization has _____ gates open 3. Repolarization accompanied by ____ gates open and _______ gates closed or closing 4. Resting state restored finds _____ gats closed

Answer 48

1. Na+/K+ 2. Na+ 3. K+/Na+ 4. K+

Question 49

Action Potential 1. Action potential progresses sequentially down the ____ of the _____

Answer 49

1. Length/axon

Question 50

Calcium Ion deficit 1. Calcium ions appear to bind to the exterior surfaces of the ______ protein molecule 2. The positive charges of the calcium ion alter the ________ of the channel protein, ________ the voltage level required to open the gate 3. Absent the bound calcium ions, smaller than normal voltages are required for _________

Answer 50

1. Sodium Channel 2. Electrical state/Increasing 3. Gate activation

Question 51

Calcium Ion deficit 1. When there is a deficit of calcium ions, the _______ channels become activated by very little change of the membrane potential from its normal resting level 2. This is why low blood calcium is associated with _______, ______, and _________, which can be lethal because of titanic contraction of the __________

Answer 51

1. Sodium Channels | 2. Muscle Contraction/Cramps/Tetany/Respiratory muscles

Question 52

Propagation of Nerve impulses 1. Nerve impulses must travel from where they arise at a _______ typically the ________ down the neuron to the axon terminals 2. That movement is called ________ or _______ 3. Propagation depends on _________

Answer 52

1. Trigger zone/Axon Hillock 2. Propagation/Conduction 3. Positive Feedback

Question 53

Positive feedback of propagation 1. The inflow of sodium ions causes _________ that opens _________ Na+ channels in adjacent segments of the membrane

Answer 53

1. Depolarization/voltage gated

Question 54

Summary of neuronal structure 1. ________: receive stimuli through activation of ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels. In sensory neurons produces generator or receptor potential. In motor neurons and interneurons produces excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 54

1. Dendrites

Question 55

Summary of neuronal structure 1. _________: Receives stimuli and produces EPSPs and IPSPs through activation of ligand gated or mechanically gated ion channels

Answer 55

1. Cell body

Question 56

Summary of neuronal structure 1. __________: Trigger zone in many neurons. Integrates EPSPs and IPSPs if sum is depolarization that reaches threshold, initiatives action potential (nerve impulse)

Answer 56

1. Junction of axon hillock and initial segment of axon

Question 57

Summary of neuronal structure 1. _________: Propagates (conducts) nerve impulses to axon terminals in a self reinforcing manner. Impulse amplitude does not change as it propagates along the axon

Answer 57

1. Axon

Question 58

Summary of neuronal Structure 1. ________: Inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarization phase of nerve impulse triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter form synaptic vesicles

Answer 58

1. Axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs (or varicosities)

Question 59

Types of Conduction 1. Step by step depolarization and repolarization of adjacent segments is termed ____________ 2. __________ is a special mode of impulse propagation that occurs along myelinated axons

Answer 59

1. Continuous Conduction | 2. Saltatory Conduction

Question 60

Saltatory Conduction 1. Only in ________ axons 2. Voltage gated channels are concentrated at ________, with few in regions where the myelin sheath covers the Axolemma 3. Electric current is carried by ______ and ________ ions from one node to the next, and the nodes _____ and _____ as previously discussed

Answer 60

1. Myelinated 2. Nodes of Ranvier 3. Extracellular/Intracellular/Depolarize/Repolarize

Question 61

Metabolism 1. Neurons produce virtually all their ATP via ________ 2. This process requires large amounts of _____ so the nervous system requires a high _________and is consequently highly vascularized

Answer 61

1. Aerobic metabolism of glucose | 2. Oxygen/Blood Flow

Question 62

Metabolism 1. Most the brains energy consumption goes into sustaining the ______ of neurons

Answer 62

1. Electrical charge

Question 63

Effect of Axon Diameter 1. The greater the _______ of the axon, the _______ the conduction will be (less resistance to the flow of ions through the axoplasm) 2. _______: Large diameter, myelinated, FAST 3. _______: Medium diameter, Myelinated, FAST 4. _______: Small diameter, Unmyelinated, SLOW

Answer 63

1. Diameter/faster 2. A fibers 3. B fibers 4. C fibers

Question 64

Perceiving Stimulus intensity 1. Two mechanisms enable stimuli of differing intensities to be registers as such: _____________ and __________

Answer 64

1. Frequency of impulses/Number of sensory neurons activated

Question 65

Example of Intensity perception (Using Touch) 1. __________: light touch generates a low frequency of widely spaced nerve impulses - A firm pressure causes nerve impulses to go down the axon closer together 2. __________: A light touch stimulates only a few pressure sensitive neurons - A firm pressure stimulates more pressure sensitive neurons

Answer 65

1. Frequency of impulses | 2. Number of sensory neurons recruited

Question 66

Stimulus strength and generation of action potential 1. No action potential is generated by a _________ stimulus. 2. Several action potentials result from a _______ stimulus, yet each has the same amplitude. This is perceived as a stronger stimulus

Answer 66

1. Subthreshold stimulus | 2. Suprathreshold stimulus