Test 2-Anatomy 1

Question 1

1. _________ is a Junction between two neurons and an effector. Contributes to homeostasis, and physically change with repeated uses. Some diseases and disorders result from disruptions

Answer 1

1. Synapse

Question 2

Terminology

1. A neuron sending the signal is the ________
2. The neuron receiving the message is the _______

Answer 2

1. Presynaptic

2. Postsynaptic

Question 3

Terminology

Synapses (chemical synapses) are most commonly

1. _______ from axon to dendrite
2. _______ from axon to soma
3. ________ from axon to axon

Answer 3

1. Axodendritic
2. Axosomatic
3. Axoaxonic

Question 4

Types of synapses

1. ________: The cells on each side of the synapse are in physical contact. Action potential moves from one cell to the other as a flow of ions through gap junctions
2. ________: The cells on each side of the synapse are not in physical contact. Action potential moves from one cell to the other by means of a neurotransmitter that bridges the gap between the two cells

Answer 4

1. Electrical synapses

2. Chemical synapses

Question 5

Electrical synapses

1. Action potentials are conducted between adjacent cells by ________
2. Hundreds of connexons per gap junction connect the _____ of the _______
3. Ions flow from one cell to the other, conveying the _______
4. Electrical synapses are faster than _______ synapses
5. Electrical synapses can synchronize groups of _______ or _______
6. Locations include ________ and _________

Answer 5

1. Gap junctions
2. Cytosol/adjacent cells
3. Action potentials
4. Chemical
5. Neurons/Muscle fibers
6. Muscle fibers of the heart/Visceral smooth muscle

Question 6

Postsynaptic potentials

1. Neurotransmitters that depolarize the postsynaptic membrane cause an ________ because it brings the membrane closer to _______
2. Neurotransmitters that cause hyper-polarization of the postsynaptic membrane are ________

Answer 6

1. Excitatory graded potential/Threshold

2. Inhibitory

Question 7

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

1. Typically result from the opening of ________ channels, the three most common cations being _____, ______, ______
2. A single EPSP does not normally initiate a _______, but the neuron does become more _______, and being partially depolarize is more likely to reach threshold at future EPSP arrival

Answer 7

1. Ligand gated Cation/Na+/K+/Ca+

2. Nerve Impulse/Excitable

Question 8

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

1. Typically result from opening of _______ channels for ____ or ______ channels for ______ which then diffuse according to concentration gradients resulting in the inside becoming more negative (hyperpolarized)

Answer 8

1. Ligand gated anion/Cl-/Ligand gated/K+

Question 9

Neurotransmitter removal

1. Neurotransmitters must be removed from the ________ for normal synaptic function
2. If neurotransmitters were not removed, they would continue to influence the _______, ________, or ________ indefinitely

Answer 9

1. Synaptic Cleft

2. Postsynaptic neuron/Muscle Fiber/Gland indefinitely

Question 10

Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter removal

1. ________
2. ________, Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into acetyl and choline)
3. ________: termed ______ if taken back up by the same cell that released the neurotransmitter. Termed _____ if taken up by a cell that did not actually release it in the first place. Neurotransmitters transporters are _______ proteins that accomplish the uptake

Answer 10

1. Diffusion
2. Enzymatic Degradation
3. Uptake by the cells/Reuptake/Uptake/Membrane

Question 11

Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials

1. Synaptic input is integrated by a process known as _______, which occurs at the _______
2. The greater the summation of EPSP, the ______ the chance that _______ will be reached, and that a nerve impulse will arise

Answer 11

1. Summation/Trigger Zone

2. Greater/Threshold

Question 12

Summation Types

1. _____ results from buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneously by several presynaptic end bulbs
2. _______ results from buildup of neurotransmitter released by a single presynaptic end bulb many times in raped succession

Answer 12

1. Spatial summation

2. Temporal summation

Question 13

Postsynaptic neuron response to summation

1. If the total ______ effects are greater than the total _______ effects, but still less than threshold the result is a _________ EPSP, no nerve impulse, but partial depolarization may make a nerve impulse easier with additional stimuli
2. If the total excitatory effects are greater than total inhibitory effects, and threshold is reached, the result is _________ one or more ________
3. If the total total inhibitory effects are greater than the excitatory effects, the membrane _______, thereby inhibiting the ability of the ________ neuron to generate a ________

Answer 13

1. Excitatory/Inhibitory/Subthreshold
2. Generation/Nerve impulses
3. Hyperpolarizes/Postsynaptic/Nerve Impulse

Question 14

Summation

1. Presynaptic neurons 1, 3, and 5 release _________ that generate EPSPs
2. Presynaptic neurons 2 and 4 release _________ that generate IPSPs

Answer 14

1. Excitatory neurotransmitters

2. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Question 15

Neurotransmitters

1. Many neurotransmitters are also ______ and produced by ________ in various parts of the body. _______ cells, which are certain neuron in the brain
2. Neurotransmitters are divided into two classes based primarily on size: _________ and _______

Answer 15

1. Hormones/ Endocrine glands/Neurosecretory

2. Small molecule neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides

Question 16

Small molecule neurotransmitters

Name the small molecule Neurotransmitters

1. ________
2. _________
3. _________
4. _________
5. _________

Answer 16

1. Acetylcholine
2. Amino acids
3. Bio genie amines
4. ATP and other purines
5. Nitric Oxide

Question 17

Acetylcholine

1. Released by many _____ neurons and some ______ neurons
2. Excitatory at some synapses such a the previously discussed ________ where it opens ________ Channels

Answer 17

1. PNS/CNS

2. Neuromuscular Junction/Ligand Gated cation

Question 18

Amino Acids

1. Associated with ______
2. Most common excitatory examples are _______ and _______
3. Most common inhibitory examples are _________ and _______

Answer 18

1. CNS
2. Glutamate (glutamic acid)/Aspartate (Aspartic acid)
3. Gamma aminobutyric acid/Glycine

Question 19

Biogenic amines

1. Nutritionally they are found in a wide range of foods, and as _______ they are directly absorbed in the _______
2. As Neruotransmitters, they are generally associated with the _____

Answer 19

1. Exogenous amines/intestines

2. Brain

Question 20

Biogenic Amines

1. ________ : as a neurotransmitter it mediates arousal and attention, also pro inflammatory signal released from mast cells in response to allergic reaction or tissue damage
2. _______: Thought to be involved in sensory perception, temperature regulation, control of mood and appetite, and induction of sleep
3. ________: Include dopamine, norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Answer 20

1. Histamine
2. Serotonin
3. Catecholamine Neurotransmitters

Question 21

Catecholamine Neurotransmitters

1. _______: for brain neurons that are active during emotional responses, addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences, plus regulating skeletal muscle tone and skeletal muscle contractions
2. _______: used by some neurons of the brain, has roles in awakening from deep sleep, dreaming, and regulating mood. It is also a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla
3. _______: Is used by some neurons of the brain, and is also and adrenal medulla hormone

Answer 21

1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine

Question 22

Nitric Oxide

1. ______ , rather than being synthesized and stored in synaptic vesicles
2. Produced by _________ cells in blood vessel walls, it is ______ and _____ Into neighboring smooth muscle cells causing them to relax, producing ______

Answer 22

1. Formed on demand

2. Endothelial cells/lipid soluble/diffuses/vasodilation

Question 23

Neuropeptides

1. These are neurotransmitters that comprise ____ to ____ amino acids linked by _______
2. They are widespread in both the _____ and _____
3. Have both ______ and ______ actions
4. They are formed in the neuron ______, packaged into ______, and transported to ________
5. Many of them also serve as ______, regulating ________ responses elsewhere in the body

Answer 23

1. 3/40/peptide bonds
2. CNS/PNS
3. Excitatory/Inhibitory
4. Neuron cell body/vesicles/Axon terminals
5. Hormones/Physiological

Question 24

Neuropeptides

1. Certain brain neurons have plasma membrane receptor for opiate drugs such as ______ and _______
2. Naturally occurring Neuropeptides that use those receptors are called opioid peptides, and include: _______, ________, ________
3. ________ are thought to be the body’s natural painkillers

Answer 24

1. Morphine/Heroin
2. Enkephalins/Endorphins/Dynorphins
3. Opioid Peptides

Question 25

1. _______: a functional group of neurons that processes a specific kind of information

Answer 25

1. Neural circuit

Question 26

1. ________: One presynaptic neuron stimulates only a single postsynaptic neurons. The postsynaptic neuron then stimulates another.

Answer 26

1. Simple Series circuit

Question 27

1. ________ Nerve impulse from a single presynaptic neuron causes the stimulation of increasing number of cells along the circuit.

Answer 27

1. Diverging Circuit

Question 28

1. ________: A postsynaptic neuron receives nerve impulses form several different sources. The effect is more effective stimulation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. Motor neuron that synapse with skeletal muscle fibers may receive input from several pathways that originate in different part of the brain

Answer 28

1. Converging circuit

Question 29

Reverberating circuit 1. Incoming impulse stimulates the ______ neuron, which stimulates the _______, which stimulates the ________ 2. Branches from ______ neurons loop back to synapse with ______ neurons, sending impulses back through the circuit many times 3. The _______ may last seconds to hours 4. Thought to be used in _______, _______, and ________

Answer 29

1. First/Second/Third 2. Later/Earlier 3. Reverberations 4. Breathing/Waking up/Short term memory

Question 30

1. _________: presynaptic input neuron has one output neuron with a variable number of intermediate neurons between input and output (and therefore variable number of synapses) 2. This imposes varying synaptic delays, so the last neuron exhibits multiple _____ or ________ 3. If the ______ is excitatory, the ______ neuron can send out a stream of impulses in quick succession

Answer 30

1. Parallel after discharge circuit 2. EPSPs/IPSPs 3. Input/Output

Question 31

Nervous system Plasticity 1. The nervous system exhibits plasticity, which is the ability to change based on _______ and _______ 2. Individual neurons can sprout new _______, _______, and ________ the ______ and ______ of synapses

Answer 31

1. Experience/need | 2. Dendrites/synthesize new proteins/Change/Nature/Number

Question 32

Regeneration 1. _______ are generally not able to regenerate, that is to undergo mitosis and replicate or to repair themselves to any great extent 2. _______ and _______ may be repaired if the cell body remains intact, and Schwann cells remain active 3. Little or no repair of damage to neurons occurs in the ______; generally even a severed axon can not be repaired or regrown

Answer 32

1. Neurons 2. PNS dendrites/Myelinated axons 3. CNS

Question 33

Neuronal Regeneration in the PNS 1. The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath is the _________ 2. When an axon is injured, the neurolemma aids regeneration by forming a __________ that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon

Answer 33

1. Neurolemma | 2. Regeneration tube

Question 34

Neuronal Regeneration 1. To do any regeneration neurons must be located in the ________, have an intact ________, and be _________ by functional Schwann cells having a neurolemma 2. _________: refers to the loss or destruction of myelin sheaths around axons. It may result form disease, or from medical treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Answer 34

1. PNS/Cell body/Myelinated | 2. Demyelination

Question 35

Demyelinating Diseases 1. _______: is an autoimmune disease that causes progressive destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS 2. _______: Is a demyelinating disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from in the PNS.

Answer 35

1. Multiple Sclerosis | 2. Guillain-Barré syndrome

Question 36

1. _________: an electrical storm in the brain 2. The discharges stimulate neurons to send spontaneous impulses, resulting in the perception of ______, _____, and ________ that do not exist and for which the corresponding sense organ has not been stimulated. Skeletal muscles may also ________. Not all seizures are dramatic 3. Most common cause is _______ at birth, other causes have been identified, but many have no identifiable underlying cause

Answer 36

1. Epilepsy seizures 2. Lights/noises/smells/Contract involuntary 3. Brain damage

Question 37

1. _______: A fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. Usually transmitted by the bite of a dog or other meat eating animal. Symptoms are excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death

Answer 37

1. Rabies

Question 38

1. ________: block pain and other somatic sensations, and are commonly used to produce anesthesia in the skin during suturing or in the mouth during dental work 2. Examples are ______ and _______ 3. They act by blocking the opening of ___________ channels, thereby preventing transmission of pain signals

Answer 38

1. Local anesthetics 2. Novocain/lidocaine 3. Voltage gated Na+