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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 2 Bones & joints > Flashcards

Test 2 Bones & joints Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

when cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
all bones below the skull except the clavicles

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2
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

forms the cranial bones and clavicles

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3
Q

Describe the architecture of spongy bone

A

consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow

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4
Q

describe the architecture of compact bone

A

consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems, stronger and denser

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5
Q

what is the biochemistry of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is a derivative of 7-dehydrocholesterol, also called ergosterol

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6
Q

what is the function of Vitamin D

A

help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus

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7
Q

what is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone development and maintenance

A

enhances the number and the activation of osteoblast

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8
Q

what is the role of calcitonin in bone development and maintenance

A

lower calcium levels in your blood

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9
Q

what is the role of sex hormones on bone development and maintenance

A

regulating the growth of the skeleton and maintaining the mass and strength of bone

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10
Q

what is the role of growth hormones on bone development and maintenance

A

stimulates both the bone-resorbing and bone-forming cells to increase bone mass

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11
Q

why does osteoporosis occur

A

A decrease in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a decrease in testosterone in men as they age

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12
Q

what are the treatments for osteoporosis

A

Bisphosphonates are usually the first choice for osteoporosis treatment

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13
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Gleno-humeral

A

ball and socket joint, shoulder joint
Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction

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14
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Humero-ulnar

A

Hinge-joint, found between the ulna and humerus
Movements: flexion, extension and circumduction

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15
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Femuro-tibial

A

plane joint, found in the knee

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16
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Acetabulo-femoral

A

ball and socket joint, located at the pelvic acetabulum and femur
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

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17
Q

Ball and socket

A

type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone

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18
Q

Pivot

A

cylinder shaped bone that rotates inside another, forms a ring around it

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19
Q

Gliding

A

structure in the body formed between two bones in which the articular, or free, surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling the bones to slide over each other.

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20
Q

Hinge

A

type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane

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21
Q

condyloid

A

composed of an egg-shaped bone known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity

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22
Q

saddle

A

type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex

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23
Q

Name the 3 cartilage tissues found in bones and what they are made from

A

hyaline, elastic and fibro-carilage
made from chondrocytes

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24
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and give an example

A

most abundant cartilage in the body, provides support
ex: costal cartilage

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25
what is elastic cartilage and give an example
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers, only found in external ear and epiglottis
26
what is fibro-catilage and give an example
most resistant to compression and stretch ex: discs between the vertebrae
27
what are the two ways cartilage grows
appositional and interstital growth
28
what is appositional growth
growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed
29
what is interstital growth
lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within
30
List the functions of the bones
support, protect, mineral support, blood cell formation, fat storage and hormone production
31
what is the axial
skull, vertebral column and rib-cage
32
what is the appendicular
the upper and lower limbs
33
what is found in the trabecular (spongy bone)
yellow and red bone marrow
34
What is the diaphysis
thick compact bone that surrounds the central medullary cavity
35
what is the medullary cavity
central cavity that contains yellow and red bone marrow
36
what is the epiphyses
the end of the long bone
37
what cartilage covers the joint surface on the epiphyses
articular cartilage
38
define the epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides growth
39
define the periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the body
40
define the endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
41
where is red bone marrow found in adults
red bone marrow is found only in the flat bones and the heads of the femur and humerus
42
what are the 3 categories for bone markings
projections, surfaces and depressions
43
name the 5 major cells for bones
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
44
define osteoprogenitor cells
active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum
45
define osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
46
define osteoclasts
responsible for remodeling, resorb or break bone the bone matrix
47
define interstital lamellae
lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons
48
define circumferential lamellae
located just deep of the periosteum, superficial to endostem
49
name the five zones of the long bone
resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertonic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone
50
what happens in the proliferation zone
cartilage cells are under going mitosis
51
what happens in the hypertrophic zone
older cartilage cells become enlarged
52
what happens in the calcification zone
matrix becomes calcified and starts to deteriorating; cartilage cells die
53
what happens in the ossification zone
new bone is being formed
54
what happens in the resting zone
area of cartilage that is inactive
55
what are non-displaced and displaced bones
nondisplaced - bone stays in the Original position displaced - bone is out of normal alignment
56
what is a complete fracture and incomplete fracture
complete fracture - broken all the way through incomplete fracture - not broken all the way
57
what is a open compound fracture and closed simple fracture
open compound fracture - goes through the skin closed simple fracture - doesn't go through the skin
58
what is a comminuted fracture
bone breaks into three of more pieces
59
what is a spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
60
what is a depressed fracture
broken bone is pressed inward
61
what is a compression fracture
the bone is crushed
62
what is a epiphyseal fracture
when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
63
what is a green stick fracture
when only one side of the shaft breaks
64
list the stages of healing and brief description
1. Hematoma forms - blood clots at the sight of breakage 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms - forms need blood cells 3. bony callus forms - spongy bone is replaced 4. bone remodeling occurs - healed fracture
65
what is osteomalacia
a disorder where the bones are poorly mineralized and become soft and weak, calcium and salts aren't deposited correctly
66
match the following with the correct definition 1. As the name suggest they are long 2. thin, flattened, usually a bit curved 3. complicated shape that doesn't fit in any other categories 4. roughly cubed shaped 5.short bones embedded in tendons, influences the action in muscles a- sesamoid bones b- long bones c- irregular bones d- short bones e-flat bones
1. B 2. E 3. C 4. D 5. A

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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