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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 2 Bones & joints > Flashcards

Test 2 Bones & joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

when cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
all bones below the skull except the clavicles

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2
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

forms the cranial bones and clavicles

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3
Q

Describe the architecture of spongy bone

A

consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow

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4
Q

describe the architecture of compact bone

A

consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems, stronger and denser

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5
Q

what is the biochemistry of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is a derivative of 7-dehydrocholesterol, also called ergosterol

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6
Q

what is the function of Vitamin D

A

help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus

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7
Q

what is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone development and maintenance

A

enhances the number and the activation of osteoblast

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8
Q

what is the role of calcitonin in bone development and maintenance

A

lower calcium levels in your blood

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9
Q

what is the role of sex hormones on bone development and maintenance

A

regulating the growth of the skeleton and maintaining the mass and strength of bone

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10
Q

what is the role of growth hormones on bone development and maintenance

A

stimulates both the bone-resorbing and bone-forming cells to increase bone mass

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11
Q

why does osteoporosis occur

A

A decrease in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a decrease in testosterone in men as they age

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12
Q

what are the treatments for osteoporosis

A

Bisphosphonates are usually the first choice for osteoporosis treatment

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13
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Gleno-humeral

A

ball and socket joint, shoulder joint
Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction

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14
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Humero-ulnar

A

Hinge-joint, found between the ulna and humerus
Movements: flexion, extension and circumduction

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15
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Femuro-tibial

A

plane joint, found in the knee

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16
Q

List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint

Acetabulo-femoral

A

ball and socket joint, located at the pelvic acetabulum and femur
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

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17
Q

Ball and socket

A

type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone

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18
Q

Pivot

A

cylinder shaped bone that rotates inside another, forms a ring around it

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19
Q

Gliding

A

structure in the body formed between two bones in which the articular, or free, surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling the bones to slide over each other.

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20
Q

Hinge

A

type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane

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21
Q

condyloid

A

composed of an egg-shaped bone known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity

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22
Q

saddle

A

type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex

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23
Q

Name the 3 cartilage tissues found in bones and what they are made from

A

hyaline, elastic and fibro-carilage
made from chondrocytes

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24
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and give an example

A

most abundant cartilage in the body, provides support
ex: costal cartilage

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25
Q

what is elastic cartilage and give an example

A

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers, only found in external ear and epiglottis

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26
Q

what is fibro-catilage and give an example

A

most resistant to compression and stretch
ex: discs between the vertebrae

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27
Q

what are the two ways cartilage grows

A

appositional and interstital growth

28
Q

what is appositional growth

A

growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed

29
Q

what is interstital growth

A

lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within

30
Q

List the functions of the bones

A

support, protect, mineral support, blood cell formation, fat storage and hormone production

31
Q

what is the axial

A

skull, vertebral column and rib-cage

32
Q

what is the appendicular

A

the upper and lower limbs

33
Q

what is found in the trabecular (spongy bone)

A

yellow and red bone marrow

34
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

thick compact bone that surrounds the central medullary cavity

35
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

central cavity that contains yellow and red bone marrow

36
Q

what is the epiphyses

A

the end of the long bone

37
Q

what cartilage covers the joint surface on the epiphyses

A

articular cartilage

38
Q

define the epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides growth

39
Q

define the periosteum

A

double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the body

40
Q

define the endosteum

A

connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces

41
Q

where is red bone marrow found in adults

A

red bone marrow is found only in the flat bones and the heads of the femur and humerus

42
Q

what are the 3 categories for bone markings

A

projections, surfaces and depressions

43
Q

name the 5 major cells for bones

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

44
Q

define osteoprogenitor cells

A

active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum

45
Q

define osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

46
Q

define osteoclasts

A

responsible for remodeling, resorb or break bone the bone matrix

47
Q

define interstital lamellae

A

lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons

48
Q

define circumferential lamellae

A

located just deep of the periosteum, superficial to endostem

49
Q

name the five zones of the long bone

A

resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertonic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone

50
Q

what happens in the proliferation zone

A

cartilage cells are under going mitosis

51
Q

what happens in the hypertrophic zone

A

older cartilage cells become enlarged

52
Q

what happens in the calcification zone

A

matrix becomes calcified and starts to deteriorating; cartilage cells die

53
Q

what happens in the ossification zone

A

new bone is being formed

54
Q

what happens in the resting zone

A

area of cartilage that is inactive

55
Q

what are non-displaced and displaced bones

A

nondisplaced - bone stays in the Original position
displaced - bone is out of normal alignment

56
Q

what is a complete fracture and incomplete fracture

A

complete fracture - broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - not broken all the way

57
Q

what is a open compound fracture and closed simple fracture

A

open compound fracture - goes through the skin
closed simple fracture - doesn’t go through the skin

58
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

bone breaks into three of more pieces

59
Q

what is a spiral fracture

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone

60
Q

what is a depressed fracture

A

broken bone is pressed inward

61
Q

what is a compression fracture

A

the bone is crushed

62
Q

what is a epiphyseal fracture

A

when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

63
Q

what is a green stick fracture

A

when only one side of the shaft breaks

64
Q

list the stages of healing and brief description

A
  1. Hematoma forms - blood clots at the sight of breakage
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms - forms need blood cells
  3. bony callus forms - spongy bone is replaced
  4. bone remodeling occurs - healed fracture
65
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

a disorder where the bones are poorly mineralized and become soft and weak, calcium and salts aren’t deposited correctly

66
Q

match the following with the correct definition

  1. As the name suggest they are long
  2. thin, flattened, usually a bit curved
  3. complicated shape that doesn’t fit in any other categories
  4. roughly cubed shaped
    5.short bones embedded in tendons, influences the action in muscles

a- sesamoid bones
b- long bones
c- irregular bones
d- short bones
e-flat bones

A
  1. B
  2. E
  3. C
  4. D
  5. A

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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