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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, integration, and response

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2
Q

Explain the concept of integration

A

the process of processing information and is carried out by the cns

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3
Q

what is the concept of “All or none”

A

The strength of a response of a nerve cell is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus
( -55mV)

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4
Q

how does stimulation of the neuron secrete of neurontransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter can influence neurons in one of three ways: it can excite, inhibit, or modulate them.

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5
Q

describe the function of the synapse

A

connects neurons so that information can be transferred

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6
Q

describe the structure of the synapse

A

there are three different types
Axosomatic -between axon terminals of one neuron and soma
Axodendritic -between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrite of other
Axoaxonal -axon to axon connection (less common)

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7
Q

Describe the development of the brain from the embryonic ectoderm

A

starts at the neural tube then the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain form then the secondary brain vesicles for which the correspond which the adult brain structures

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8
Q

list the major parts of the brain and their functions

A

Cerebrum - Indicates and coordinates movement and also regulates temperature
Brain stem - houses the mid-brian, pons, and medulla. It connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
Cerebellum - coordinates voluntary muscle moments and maintains posture, balance, and equilibrium

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9
Q

list the major parts of the spinal cord and their functions

A

Cervical - control head and neck, diaphragm, and head
Thoracic - control chest and abdominal muscles
Lumbar - control leg muscles

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10
Q

Describe the function of the cerebellum

A

helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body

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11
Q

sensory imput

A

The response in a sensory organ (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin) when it receives stimuli

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12
Q

integration

A

when the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and make decisions about what should be done

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13
Q

motor output

A

conduction of signals from the CNS, and is carried out by a group of effector cells, the muscle cells or gland cells

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14
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord
- integrating sensory info and coordinating conscious and unconscious activity

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15
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the portion of the nervous system consisting of nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

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16
Q

somatic nervous system
( voluntary nervous system )

A

divisions of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
( involuntary nervous system )

A

efferent division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles

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18
Q

what are astrocytes

A

physically protects neurons, helps with learning and memory
Found in the CNS

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19
Q

what are the microglial cells

A

defend the cells
Found in CNS

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20
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid; helps with circulation
Found in CNS

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21
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for production of myelin sheath
Found in CNS

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22
Q

what are satellite cells

A

provides structural support
Found in PNS

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23
Q

what are schwann cells

A

surround axons
Found in PNS

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24
Q

voltage

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated charges

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25
current
flow of electricity from one point to another
26
what is the current equation
voltage / resistance
27
resistance
what is getting in the way of the current
28
how many NA and K ions go in and out of the sodium-potassium pump
2 K ions pump into the cell and 3 NA ions come out
29
what are the three ions channels
voltage-gated, ligand-gated channels and mechanically
30
voltage gated
open and close in response to change in membrane potential
31
ligated- gated channels
open when neurotransmitter latches onto receptors
32
mechanically gated
open in response to physical stretching of membrane
33
electrochemical gradient
measure of the free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane
34
Depolarization
Na goes in which creates depolarization (+40mV)
35
membrane potential
brief depolarization caused by changes in currents
36
refractory period
prevent signals from traveling both directions down the axon at once
37
synapse
the meeting point between 2 neurons
38
what are the 2 types of synapses
electrical and chemical
39
what is a electrical synapse
fast message involves gap junctions
40
what is a chemical synapse
a controlled and slower message More abundant and uses neurotransmitters
41
presynaptic neuron
cell that sends the message or signal
42
presynaptic (axon) terminal
transmit message, holds synaptic vesicles which holds neurotransmitters
43
postsynaptic neuron
receiving cell communication
44
list the steps of the neurotransmitter
1. ATP races along the axon of the neuron activating Na and K 2. voltage-gated calcium channels open and release calcium into the neuron cytoplasm 3. Ca+ ions cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and send chemical messengers
45
Excited
depolarize postsynaptic neuron by making the inside more positive, which brings it closer to AP threshold
46
inhibitory
hyper polarizes postsynaptic neuron making the inside more negative which moves it away from the AP threshold - the message doesn't get passed
47
what is Broca's area responsible for
speech and language
48
what is Broca's aphasia
when someone has some ability to understand speech but can't produce words
49
what is the function of the brain
thinking, feeling and remembering
50
what is the function of the spinal cord
conducts 2 way signals to brain and rest of the body
51
list the layers of meninges
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia matter
52
where is cerebrospinal fluid found
between the arachnoid and pia mater
53
list the stages of embryonic development
1. neural tube 2. lower end of the tube stretches which forms spinal cord. The cranial end begins to expand and divides into 3 parts. prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon 3. prosencephalon divides into 2 parts, telencephalon and diencephalon 4. rhombencephalon forms into 2 parts, metencephalon and myelencephalon
54
what forms the brain stem and cerebellum
metencephalon, myelencephalon and mesencephalon
55
what creates the brain stem and what are its functions
mid-brain, pons and medulla oblongata controls involuntary movement and relays info to body
56
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordinates muscle movement
57
In the brain stem what part has the highest level of function
Mid-brain
58
what does the diencephalon form and what is its function
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and mammillary bodies function: regulates homeostasis, alertness and reproductive activity
59
what does the telencephalon turn into
the cerebral hemisphere
60
gyri are ...
little creases
61
sulci are...
large grooves
62
how do both sides of the brain interact
through the corpus callosum
63
what does the frontal lobe do
movement, motor skills and cognitive function
64
what does the occipital lobe do
process vision
65
what does the parietal lobe do
process sensation of touch, pain and pressure
66
what does the temporal lobe do
sort out certain auditory info including language
67
what is the function of sensory function
sensory receptors that detect stimuli
68
what is the function of motor function
carries out the responce
69
what are the two categories of the PNS
somatic and automatic nervous system
70
what are the two subdivisions of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
71
myelin sheath
multi-layered lipid and protein covering that surround axons
72
myelin
fatty substance produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
73
Norepenephrine
have a role in regulating mood
74
dopamine
very active in emotional responses and addictive behaviors
75
serotonin
involved in mood, sleep cycle, appetite and sensory perception
76
what forms the spinal cord
anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, central canal, and gray and white matter
77
Anterior median fissure
very deep groove of internal spinal cord
78
Posterior median sulcus
very shallow groove of internal spinal cord
79
Central canal
tunnels through center of spinal canal; filled with CSF
80
Anterior gray horns
gray matter of spinal cord containing somatic motor nuclei
81
thermoreceptors
respond to change in temp.
82
photoreceptors
react to light
83
chemoreceptors
pay attention to chemicals
84
mechanoreceptors
respond to pressure, touch and vibration
85
nociceptors
fire only when pain is detected
86
what are the steps of the reflex arc
1 - receptors sense a stimulus 2 - sensory neuron transmits signal up the PNS to the CNS 3 - integration center decodes the signal 4 - motor neuron sends directions back to the site of the stimulus 5 - effector cells respond by contracting and secreting
87
innate reflex action
super fast motor response to a startling stimulus
88
learned reflexes
come from experience
89
afferent (sensory) division
collecting data and it to CNS
90
efferent (motor) division
sends motor info to pns

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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