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Psyc 101 > Test #2 (ch 5-8) > Flashcards

Test #2 (ch 5-8) Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Def of Consciousness

A

Awareness of the external stimuli and our own mental and other internal processes

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2
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement
*dreams occur in REM

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3
Q

Three theories of dreaming

A

Freud
Activation synthesis
Neurocognitive/Cognitive

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Wish fulfillment theory
*Dreams represent unconscious wishes
Hidden, underlying meaning of dreams

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5
Q

Manifest content of dreams

A

Apparent story line of dreams

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6
Q

Latent content of dreams

A

Disguised meaning of dreams

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7
Q

*Activation Synthesis theory

A

The brain produces electrical energy during REM sleep that: stimulates memories

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8
Q

*dreams are the brains way of…

A

Making sense out of random brain activity

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9
Q

*Neurocognitive

A

Sorting out our daily experiences
Dreams reflect our every day waking thoughts and emotions
Allows us to process info 24 hours per day and come up with solution to every day problems

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10
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Influence a persona emotions, perceptions, and behavior

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11
Q

Addictive drugs

A

*alter consciousness
*can be physically and psychologically addicting
*can change your moods
Cause dependence
Withdrawal
Biological addiction

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12
Q

Biological addiction

A

*symptoms of withdrawal
*difficulty functioning
*change in moods

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13
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Capable of producing false perceptions
… mushrooms, marijuana, etc.

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14
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
… caffein, cocaine, etc

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15
Q

Depressants

A

Slow down the activity of the nervous system
… alcohol, etc

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16
Q

Drug dependence

A

Key principles
tolerance
withdrawal
addiction
physical dependence
psychological dependence

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17
Q

Def of Learning

A

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Classical and operant conditioning

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18
Q

Def of Classical Conditioning

A

*associations
Helps to explain *involuntary behavior

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19
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Worked on digestive process of dogs
Developed the principles of *classical conditioning

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20
Q

*Classical Conditioning

A

Neutral Stimulus (a bell) elicits a response after it is:

Paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) that naturally brings about that response

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21
Q

Conditioning humans

A

John B. Watson and Little Albert
Drug and alcohol use

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

*Voluntary behaviors
Consequences, rewards, punishments

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23
Q

Who did the operant conditioning with rats?

A

B.F. Skinner

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24
Q

Def of reinforcement

A

*increases the frequency of a behavior preceding it

Rewards?

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25
Positive reinforcers
Pleasant stimulus *added that *increases the previous response …Grades or money
26
Negative reinforcers
Unpleasant stimulus *removed that *increases the previous response Not having to do chores
27
Punishment
*decreases the frequency of a behavior preceding it
28
Positive punishment
Unpleasant stimulus *added that *decreases previous response Yelling at daughter because she stole the car
29
Negative punishment
Pleasant stimulus *removed that *decreases previous response Taking the car away if home late
30
Def of Memory
The system by which we *retain info and bring it to mind The process that we encode, store, and retrieve info
31
Def of encoding
*the transformation of info from one form to another (transferring info into memory) Attention. Repetition.
32
Storage
The retention of info over time
33
Retrieval
Recovery of stored info when it is needed Forgetting caused by stress interference: other info coming in
34
Sensory memory
Holds large amount of incoming info for a very short period of time Operates as a kind of snapshot that stores info for a brief moment in time
35
Iconic memory
Reflects info from the visual system
36
Echoing memory
Stores auditory info coming from the ears
37
Short-term memory
Holds a small amount of info for a limited time
38
Working memory
Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulates and rehearse info A combination of short term memory and attention uses a lot of cognitive resources stress reduces its effectiveness
39
Rehearsal
The repetition of info that has entered short-term memory Aids in the transfer to long term memory
40
*chunk
Grouping of info that can be stored in shirt-term memory
41
Long-term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time
42
Recall
To supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues
43
Recognition
An ability to correctly identify previously learned info
44
Decay theory
Gradual fading of memory traces as a function of time
45
Interference theory
Disruption of memory caused by interference of previously learned material or newly learned material Trying to learn 2 languages
46
Retrieval theory
Failure to access material stored in memory because of encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues Difficulty remembering something you know is stored in your memory
47
Motivated forgetting
Repression of anxiety provoking material Can’t remember traumatic childhood experience
48
Thinking
The process of mentally representing and processing info
49
Cognition
Processing a mental expression of a problem or situation
50
Mental images
Representations of sensory experiences that are stored in memory and can be retrieved for use
51
Concepts
A generalized idea representing a category of related objects or event
52
Prototype
An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept
53
Algorithm
A learned set of rules that guarantees the correct solution of a problem
54
Mechanical solution
A problem solution achieved by trail and error
55
Heuristic
Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving
56
Availability heuristic
Predict probability based on ease of recall
57
Representativeness heuristic
Make judgments based on stereotypes
58
Fixation
The tendency to repeat wrong solutions as a result to being blind to alternatives
59
Functional fixedness
Being fixated on usual functions caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects
60
Drug abuse
Effect daily function
61
Drug use
Able to function through daily activities

Psyc 101 (3 decks)

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