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Physiological Psychology > Test 2 (Chapter 4) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapter 4) Flashcards

(98 cards)

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0
Q

Microelectrodes

A

Extremely fine recording electrodes, which are used for intracellular recording

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1
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

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2
Q

Resting potential

A

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about -70 mV

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3
Q

Ions

A

Positively or negatively charged particles

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4
Q

Concentration gradients

A

-

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5
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

-

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6
Q

Ion channels

A

Pores in neural membranes through which specific ions pass

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7
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Active transport mechanisms that pump Na+ ions out of neurons and K+ ions in

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8
Q

Transporters

A

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane

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9
Q

Depolarize

A

To decrease the resting membrane potential

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10
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

To increase the resting membrane potential

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11
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded post-synaptic depolarizations, which increase the likelihood that an action potential will be generated

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12
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded post-synaptic hyperpolarizations, which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated

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13
Q

Graded responses

A

Responses whose magnitude is indicative of the magnitude of the stimuli that induce them

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

The conical structure at the junction between the axon and cell body

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15
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV

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16
Q

Action potential

A

A massive momentary reversal of a neurons membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV

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17
Q

All or none responses

A

Responses that are not graded, that either occur to their full extent or not at all

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18
Q

Integration

A

Adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal

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19
Q

Spatial summation

A

The integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neurons membrane

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20
Q

Temporal summation

A

The integration of neural signals that occur at different times at the same synapse

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21
Q

Voltage-activated ion channels

A

Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

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22
Q

Rising phase

A

-

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23
Q

Repolarization

A

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24
Absolute refractor period
A brief period (typically 1 to 2 milliseconds) after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
25
Relative refractory period
A period after the absolute refractory period during which a higher than normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
26
Nondecremental
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27
Antidromic conduction
Axonal conduction opposite to the normal direction; conduction from axon terminals back toward the cell body
28
Orthodromic conduction
Axonal conduction in the normal direction- from the cell body toward the terminal buttons
29
Nodes of Ranvier
The gaps between adjacent myelin segments on an axon
30
Saltatory conduction
Conduction of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon
31
Hodgkin-Huxley Model
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32
Axodendritic synapses
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33
Dendritic spines
Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the site of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain
34
Axosomatic synapses
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Dendrite deistic synapses
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36
Axoaxonic spines
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Presynaptic facilitation
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Presynaptic inhibition
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Directed synapses
Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of Neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity
40
Non directed synapses
Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are not close together
41
String of beads synapses
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42
Neuropeptides
Short amino acid chains comprising between 3 and 36 amino acids
43
Synaptic vesicles
Small, spherical membranes that store neurotransmitter molecules and release them into the synaptic cleft
44
Golgi complex
Structure in the cell bodies and terminal buttons of neurons that package Neurotransmitters and other molecules in vesicles
45
Coexistence
The presence of more than one neurotransmitter in the same neuron
46
Exocytosis
The process of releasing a neurotransmitter
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Voltage activated calcium channels
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48
Receptors
Cells that are specialized to receive chemical, mechanical, or radiant signals from the environment; also proteins that contain binding sites for particular Neurotransmitters
49
Ligand
A molecule that binds to another molecule;
50
Receptor subtypes
The different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind
51
Ionotropic receptors
Receptors that are associated with ligand activated ion channels
52
Metabotropic receptors
Receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins
53
G proteins
Proteins that are located inside neurons (and some other cells) and are attached to metabotropic receptors in the cell membrane
54
Second messenger
A chemical synthesized in a neuron in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor in its cell membrane
55
Autoreceptors
A type of metabotropic receptor located on the presynaptic membrane and sensitive to a neurons own neurotransmitter
56
Reuptake
The drawing back into the terminal button of neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse; the more common of the two mechanisms for deactivating a released neurotransmitter
57
Enzymatic degradation
The breakdown of chemicals by enzymes- one of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters
58
Enzymes
Proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them
59
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a choline molecule
60
Acetylcholinesterase
The enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Gap junctions
Narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels containing cytoplasm through which electrical signals and small molecules can pass readily
62
Amino acid Neurotransmitters
A class of small-molecules Neurotransmitters, which included the amino acids glutamate and GABA
63
Glutamate
The brainsost prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia
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Aspartate
An amino acid transmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat
65
Glycine
An amino acid neurotransmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat
66
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
The amino acid Neurotransmitter that is synthesized from glutamate; the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system
67
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Small-molecule Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from monoamines and comprise two classes: catecholamines and indolamines
68
Dopamine
One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters; dopaminergic neurons are damaged in Parkinson's disease
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Epinephrine
One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters
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Norepinephrine
One of the three catecholamine Neurotransmitters
71
Serotonin
An indolamine neurotransmitter; the only member of this class of monoamines Neurotransmitters found in the mammalian nervous system
72
Catecholamines
The three monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
73
Indolamines
The class of monoamine Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from tryptophan; serotonin is the only member of this class found in the mammalian nervous system
74
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a choline molecule
75
Soluble gas Neurotransmitters
A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that included nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
76
Nitric oxide
A soluble gas neurotransmitter
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Carbon monoxide
A soluble gas neurotransmitter
78
Retrograde transmission
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79
Endocannabinoids
A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that are chemical similar to the active components of marijuana
80
Anandamide
The first endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized
81
Neuropeptides transmitters
Peptides that function as Neurotransmitters, of which about 100 have been identified
82
Pituitary peptides
One if the five classes of neuropeptides transmitters | It consists of those first identified as hormones released by the pituitary
83
Hypothalamic peptides
One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters | It consists of those first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus
84
Brain gut peptides
One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters | Consists of those first discovered in the gut
85
Opioid peptides
One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters | It consists of those with a structure similar to the active ingredients of opium
86
Miscellaneous peptides
One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters | It consists of those that don't for into the other four classes
87
Agonists
Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
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Antagonists
Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
89
Receptor blockers
Antagonistic drugs that bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and block the access of the usual neurotransmitter
90
Nicotinic receptors
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91
Muscarinic receptors
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92
Atropine
A receptor blockers that exerts an antagonistic effects at muscarinic receptors
93
Botox
Botulinum toxin, which blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and is used cosmetically to treat wrinkles
94
Periaqueductal gray
The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit
95
Endogenous
Naturally occurring in the body
96
Enkephalins
The first class of endogenous opioids to be discovered
97
Endorphins
A class of endogenous opioids

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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