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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

first-night phenomenon

A

the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory

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2
Q

K complex

A

a single large negative wave (upward deflection)

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3
Q

sleep spindle

A

a single large positive wave (downward deflection)

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4
Q

delta waves

A

the largest and slowest EEG waves

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5
Q

initial stage 1 EEG

A

the period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REM

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6
Q

emergent stage 1 EEG

A

all periods of stage 1 sleep EEG except initial stage 1; each is associated with REMs

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7
Q

REM sleep

A

the stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of core muscle tone, and emergent stage 1 EEG

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8
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-REM sleep; all stages of sleep that aren’t REM sleep

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9
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

stages 3 and 4 of sleep, which are characterized by the largest and slowest EEG waves

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10
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking

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11
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

the theory that dream content reflects the cerebral cortex’s inherent tendency to make sense of, and give form to, the random signals it receives from the brain stem during REM sleep

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12
Q

recuperation theories of sleep

A

theories based on the premise that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

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13
Q

adaptation theories of sleep

A

theories of sleep based on the premis that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy, rather than to fulfill some particular physiological need

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14
Q

executive function

A

a collection of cognitive abilities (e.g., planning, insightful thinking, and reference memory) that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

microsleeps

A

brief periods of sleep that occur in sleep-deprived subjects while they remain sitting or standing

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16
Q

carousel apparatus

A

an apparatus used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in laboratory rats

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17
Q

yoked control

A

the rat in the control condition when doing sleep deprivation tests with a carousel apparatus

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18
Q

default theory

A

theory that says it is difficult to stay continuously in NREM sleep, so the brain periodically switches to either wakefulness or REM sleep

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19
Q

circadian rhythms

A

diurnal (daily) cycles of body functions

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20
Q

nocturnal animals

A

animals that sleep for much of the day and stay awake at night

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21
Q

entrain

A

control the timing of

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22
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental cues, such as the light-dark cycle, that entrain circadian rhythms

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23
Q

free-running rhythms

A

circadian rhtthms that do not depend on environmental cues to keep them on a regular schedule

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24
Q

free-running period

A

the duration of one cycle of a free-running rhythm

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25
biological clock
the internal clock that habitually runs a little slow unless it is entrained by time-related cues in the environment
26
internal desynchronization
the cycling on different schedules of the free-running circadian rhythms of two different processes
27
jet lag
the adverse effects on body function of the acceleration of zeitgebers during east-bound flights or their deceleration during west-bound flights
28
phase advance
when circadian rhythms are accelerated during east-bound flights
29
phase delay
when circaidna rhythms are decelerated during west-bound flights
30
circadian clock
an internal timing mechanism that is capable of maintaining daily cycles of physiological functions, even where there are no temporal cues from the environment
31
suprachiasmatic nuclei
nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions
32
melanopsin
photopgiment found in retinal cells that respond to changes in background illumination and play a role in synchronizing circadian rhythms
33
tau
the first circadian gene to be identified in mammals
34
cerveau isole preparation
an experimental preparation in which the forebrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain by a midcollicular transection
35
desynchronized EEG
low amplitude, high-frequncy EEG
36
encephale isole preparation
an experimental preparation in which the brain is separated from the rest of the nervous system by transection of the caudal brain stem
37
hypnotic drugs
sleep-promoting drugs
38
antihypnotic drugs
sleep-reducing drugs
39
melatonin
a hormone that is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland and influences the circadian rhythm of sleep
40
benzodiazepines
a class of GABA agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and antoconvulsent properties, drugs such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam
41
insomnia
disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
42
5-hydroxytrypyophan (5-HTP)
the precursor of serotonin
43
pineal gland
the endocrine gland that is the human body's sole source of melatonin
44
chronobiotic
a substance that influences the timing of internal biological rhythms
45
hypersomnia
disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness
46
iatrogenic
physician-created
47
sleep restriction therapy
one of the most effective treatments for insomnia where the amount of time that an insomniac is allowed to spend in bed is substantially reduced and is gradually increased in small increments
48
sleep apnea
a condition in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing
49
obstructive sleep apnea
sleep apnea that results from obstruction of the respiratory passages by muscles spasms or atonia (lack of muscle tone) and of ten occurs in individuals who are vigorous snorers
50
central sleep apnea
sleep apnea that results from the failure of the CNS to stimulate respiration
51
periodic limb movement disorder
recurrent involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep; a major cause of insomnia
52
restless legs syndrome
tension of uneasiness in the legs that is particularly prevalent at bedtime and is a major cause of insomnia
53
narcolepsy
a disorder in the hypersomnia category that is characterized by repeated, brief daytime sleep attack and cateplexy
54
cateplexy
a disorder that is characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness and is often seen in cases of narcolepsy
55
sleep paralysis
a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to move (paralysis) just as a person is falling asleep or waking up
56
hypnagogic hallucination
dreamlike experiences that occur during wakefulness
57
nucleus magnocellularis
the nucleus of the caudal reticular formation that promotes relaxation of the core muscles during REM sleep and during cateplectic attacks
58
orexin
a neuropeptide that has been implicated in narcolepsy in dogs and in knockout mice
59
polyphasic sleep cycles
sleep cycles that regularly involve more than one period of sleep er day
60
monophasic sleep cycles
sleep cycles that regularly involve only one period of sleep per day, typically at night
61
sleep inertia
the unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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