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sociology 101 > Test 2 material > Flashcards

Test 2 material Flashcards

Chapters 3,4 and 5 (103 cards)

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1
Q

Beliefs

A

Tenets or conviction that people hold to be true.

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2
Q

Countercultures

A

Groups the reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns.

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3
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture.

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4
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of assessing a culture by it’s own standard, and not in comparison to another culture.

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5
Q

Cultural universals

A

Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

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6
Q

Culture

A

Shared beliefs, values and practices.

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7
Q

Culture lag

A

A gap of time between the introduction of material culture and non-material culture’s acceptance of it. Gap b/w technical development and moral/legal institutions. Ex: Female circumcision

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8
Q

Culture shock

A

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.

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9
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

The spread of material and non-material culture from one culture to another. Ex: Rock music

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10
Q

Discoveries

A

Things and ideas found from what already exists.

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture.

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12
Q

Folkways

A

Informal norms, non-strict unwritten rules. Direct appropriate behavior in day-to-day practices and expressions of culture. Ex: holding the door open for someone

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13
Q

Formal norms

A

Established, written rules. Ex: Speed limits, don’t kill people

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14
Q

Globalization

A

The integration of international trade and finance markets.

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15
Q

High culture

A

The cultural patterns of a society’s elite.

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16
Q

Ideal Culture

A

The standards a society would like to embrace and live up to, not how it actually is.

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17
Q

Informal norms

A

Casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to. Ex: shave your armpits, not phones durring lecture.

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18
Q

Innovations

A

New objects or ideas introduced to a culture for the first time.

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19
Q

Language

A

A symbolic system of communication.

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20
Q

Material culture

A

The objects or belongings of a group of people. Ex: food, certain brands

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21
Q

Mores (moor-ayes)

A

The moral views and principals of a group, most important values that can possibly turn into laws.

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22
Q

Non-material Culture

A

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. Ex: Birthdays, language, celebrations, and beliefs

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23
Q

Norms

A

The visible and invisible rules of conducts through which societies are structured.

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24
Q

Popular culture

A

Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

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25
Real culture
The way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
26
Sanctions
A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
27
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | linguistic relativity hypothesis
The way that people understand the world is based on their form of language. Ex: Hopi tribe has no concept of time because they don't have words for the past, present, and future.
28
Social control
A way of encouraging conformity to cultural norms
29
Society
People who live in a definable community who share a culture
30
Subcultures
Groups that share specific identification, apart from society's majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
31
Symbols
Gestures or objects that have meaning associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture.
32
Values
A culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Shapes behaviors, certain values can contradict others.
33
Xenocentrism
A belief that another culture is superior to one's own
34
Anticipatory socialization
The way we prepare for future life roles
35
degradation ceremony
The process by which new members of a total institution lose aspect of their old identities and are given new ones
36
Generalized Others
The common behavioral expectations of general society
37
Hidden curriculum
The informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to social norms
38
Moral development
The way people learn what is "good" and "bad" in society
39
Nature
The influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
40
Nurture
The role that our social environment plays in self-development
41
Peer group
A group made up of people who are similar in age and social status who shares interests
42
Re-socialization
The process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
43
Self
A persons distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
44
Socialization
The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.
45
Achieved status
The status a person chooses, such as level of education or income
46
Agricultural societies
Societies that rely on farming as a way of life
47
Alienation
An individual's isolation from his society, work and in his sense of self
48
Anomie
A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
49
Ascribed status
The status outside of an individual's control , such as race or sex
50
Bourgeoisie
The owners of the means of production in society
51
Capitalism
A way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
52
Class consciousness
The awareness of ones rank in society
53
Collective Consciousness
The communal beliefs, morals and attitudes of a society
54
False Consciousness
A persons beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with their best interest
55
Feudal societies
Societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection
56
Habituation
The ideal that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit
57
Horticultural societies
Societies based around the cultivation of plants
58
Hunter-gatherer societies
societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival
59
Industrial societies
Societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods
60
Information Societies
Societies based on the production of non-material goods and services
61
Institutionalization
The act implanting a convention or norm into a society
62
Iron cage
A situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions
63
Looking-glass self (Charles H. Cooley)
Our refection of how we think we appear to others. I am who i think, you think i am.
64
Mechanical solidarity
A type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture. Everyone works together for the good of society. Found in small groups (ex: Induit communities)
65
Organic solidarity
``` A type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social difference Found in large societies where individual levels of class and specialities are diverse. ```
66
Pastoral societies
Societies based around the domestication of animals
67
Proletariat
The laborers in a society
68
Rationalization
A belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition
69
Role conflict
A situation when one or more of an individual's roles clashes
70
Role performance
The expression of a role
71
Role strain
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
72
Role-set
An array of roles attached to a particular status
73
roles
Patterns of behavior that are representative of a persons social status
74
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An idea that becomes true when acted upon
75
Social integration
How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group
76
Society
A group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture
77
Status
The responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role is society
78
Thomas theorem
How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality. Ex: a teenager who is labeled deviant may start to act deviant.
79
Cultural customs
A custom (also called a tradition) is a common way of doing things. It is something that many people do, and have done for a long time. Usually, people come from the same country, culture, or religion. It differs from culture to culture. Ex: Weddings, parties (high class--low class)
80
prescriptive norm
Norms that dictate appropriate behaviors, what you are expected to do.
81
proscriptive norm
Norms that dictate inappropriate behaviors, what you are expected NOT to do.
82
Taboos
Prohibited, socially unacceptable behavior. Ex: incest, murder
83
Mass culture
Dominate culture shared by the majority that contains smaller subcultures.
84
Development of self (Geroge Herbert Mead)
1. Imitation/preparatory (3 and under) 2. Play (3-6) 3. Team play/ game (school-age) * ages are not rigid, but social constructs.
85
Development of Socialization (Mead+cooley)
1. Primary--home + family Ex: baby preacher---mimic 2. School--out of the home 3. Adulthood---job+ on ones own
86
Stratification
Funnel of class, go where we where taught to go by what our parents know
87
Agents of socialization
Ex: Media, families, schools, peers
88
Total institution
Cut off from society, under the control of one source. | Ex: prison, boot camp, mental institution
89
Master status
The most important status a person has
90
Front stage
Socially accepted behaviors, how you want people in day to day life to see you.
91
Back stage
Rest from front stage performance, let your guard down.
92
Primary groups
Groups that have emotional connections. Ex: families
93
Secondary groups
Goal-oriented groups. Ex: School mates
94
Impression management
is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.
95
Face-saving behavior
an act in which one attempts to uphold one's dignity, as by redressing a social blunder or compensating for a poor impression one has made.
96
Civil inattention
the process whereby strangers who are in close proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another, without imposing on each other – a recognition of the claims of others to a public space, and of their own personal boundaries. Ignoring back-stage moments.
97
Embarrassment
When a performance has failed and a person is feeling discomfort because they are loosing face
98
Weak ties
Do not have a direct connection with someone but they are in your network, you know someone who knows them
99
Strong ties
Direct ties, you know that person
100
Social Structure
The complex framework of social institutions and social practices
101
Life-course
``` levels of socialization changes throughout life "stations" childhood adolescence adulthood late adulthood ```
102
Social groups
Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
103
Rite of passage
Celebration of a milestone in life Ex: graduation, Batmitzfah

sociology 101 (3 decks)

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