Test 2 part I

Question 1

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are functional components of _______________ neurons of the _______________ nervous system

Answer 1

motor; peripheral

Question 2

__________________ is a functional part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary responses (like CO, flow distribution, and digestion)

Answer 2

autonomic nervous system

Question 3

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 4

the autonomic nervous system is primarily concerned with control and integration of _________________ functions

Answer 4

visceral

Question 5

which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor control?

Answer 5

somatic nervous system

Question 6

the central nervous system functions through use of ____________________

Answer 6

negative feedback loops

Question 7

T/F: there are new theories emerging on vagus related immune function as a part of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

true

Question 8

negative feedback generally promotes _______________, while positive feedback promotes _____________________

Answer 8

stability; increased fluctuation of output

Question 9

positive feedback leads to instability via __________________, ________________, or ___________________

Answer 9

exponential growth; oscillation; chaotic behavior

Question 10

sympathetic nerves leave the CNS through the _____________________ and _______________ spinal nerves, thus is called ______________________

Answer 10

thoracic; lumbar; thoraco-lumbar

Question 11

the parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS through ________________ and ______________spinal nerves, thus is called ____________________

Answer 11

cranial nerves; sacral; craniosacral

Question 12

what cranial nerves do parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS through?

Answer 12

III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
(3,7,9,&10)

Question 13

sympathetic nerves travel via ________________________ preganglionic fibers and then to _____________________ postganglionic fibers

Answer 13

short; long

Question 14

parasympathetic nerves travel via _____________________ preganglionic fibers and then to __________________ postganglionic fibers

Answer 14

long; short

Question 15

T/F: some preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system, terminate in ganglia located outside the organs innervated

Answer 15

false; some parasympathetic fibers do this

Question 16

what ganglia located outside of the organs innervated do some parasympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate in

Answer 16

1. ciliary
2. pterygopalatine
3. submandibular
4. otic
5. pelvic

Question 17

____________________ is sometimes considered a 3rd division of the CNS

Answer 17

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Question 18

______________________ is a highly organized collection of neurons located in the walls of the GI system that goes from the esophagus to the distal colon

Answer 18

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Question 19

the enteric nervous system is involved in _______________ and _______________ activities of the gut

Answer 19

motor; sensory

Question 20

what plexi are included in the enteric nervous system (ENS)

Answer 20

plexus of auerbach (myenteric plexus) and plexus of meissner (submucous plexus)

Question 21

input to the enteric nervous system is received from what fibers?

Answer 21

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and fibers in the wall of the gut

Question 22

what is the function of the enteric nervous system

Answer 22

to provide synchronization of impulses that ensure forward propulsion of the gut

Question 23

which has faster neurotransmitter effects the autonomic or the somatic nervous system

Answer 23

somatic

Question 24

acetylcholine is a _______________________ on the chemistry molecular level, which means it is __________________ and does not cross the _______________

Answer 24

quaternary ammonium ester; lipid insoluble; blood brain barrier

Question 25

acetylcholine is synthesized inside the neuron from ____________ + __________ in a reaction controlled by ______________________

Answer 25

choline; acetyl CoA; Choline-acetyl transferase

Question 26

acetyl coA, a component in the synthesis of acetylcholine is synthesized where?

Answer 26

mitochondria

Question 27

Acetylcholine in presynaptic vesicles in motor nerve endings are released in the synaptic cleft in ________________

Answer 27

quanta

Question 28

Ach release is dependent on ________________

Answer 28

calcium

Question 29

what are the other names for acetylcholinesterase

Answer 29

true cholinesterase specific cholinesterase

Question 30

each molecule of acetylcholinesterase degrades ______________ molecules of Ach per second

Answer 30

25,000

Question 31

T/F: Ach must be synthesized constantly

Answer 31

true; it is not recycled or re-used

Question 32

when Ach is broken down by acetylcholinesterase, _________________ is recycled to the motor nerve terminal and used to resynthesize Ach

Answer 32

choline

Question 33

what is the neurotransmitter released from cholinergic fibers?

Answer 33

acetylcholine

Question 34

what are examples of cholinergic efferent fibers?

Answer 34

1. somatic motor nerves 2. preganglionic sympathetic fibers 3. preganglionic parasympathetic fibers 4. post-ganglionic sympathetic sweat glands 5. post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 35

almost all efferent nerve fibers leaving the CNS are __________; meaning they release ___________________.

Answer 35

cholinergic; Ach

Question 36

Ach is hydrolyzed in < _____________ ms by acetylcholinesterase

Answer 36

15

Question 37

Adrenal medullary cells are stimulated by _______________ to release a mixture of ______________ and __________ into the vasculature

Answer 37

Ach; norepinephrine; epinephrine

Question 38

what are the 5 key features of neurotransmitter function, which provides potential targets for drugs

Answer 38

1. synthesis - can interrupt synthesis of Ach/NE 2. storage - can manipulate vesicle formation 3. release - trigger/block negative feedback 4. termination of action - inhibit negative feedback/acetylcholinesterase 5. receptor effects - agonist/antagonist

Question 39

what are the steps of cholinergic signal transmission?

Answer 39

1. influx of Ca via voltage gated calcium channels increase intracellular calcium 2. calcium signals the fusion of vesicles (containing Ach) to fuse with the presynaptic membrane 3. pores open releasing Ach into the synaptic cleft 4. Ach stimulates cholinergic receptors (M / N) on the postsynaptic membrane 5. Ach-E hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetic acid --> choline reabsorbed into presynaptic membrane

Question 40

if Ach in the synaptic cleft stimulates a muscarinic receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

Answer 40

negative feedback, inhibiting the release of more Ach into the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic membrane

Question 41

if norepinephrine activates a Beta-1 receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

Answer 41

positive feedback increasing the release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft

Question 42

if norepinephrine activates an Alpha-2 receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

Answer 42

negative feedback, inhibiting the release of more NE into the synaptic cleft

Question 43

how does precedex work to blunt the sympathetic response

Answer 43

activates alpha 2 receptors on the presynaptic membrane inhibiting further release of NE into the synaptic membrane

Question 44

what are the steps of adrenergic signal transmission

Answer 44

1. influx of Ca via voltage gated channels, increases intracellular calcium 2. increased intracellular calcium signals the fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane 3. release of NE via expulsion from presynaptic membrane 4. stimulation of adrenoreceptors on the post-synaptic membrane 5. NE diffuses away for metabolism in the plasma or liver; OR norepinephrine transporter takes NE back to the cyoplasm of the presynaptic membrane

Question 45

what is the primary method used for removal of Norepinephrine from the synaptic membrane

Answer 45

NET takes NE back to cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane

Question 46

what causes the high blood pressure in chronic cocaine users postoperatively?

Answer 46

cocaine depletes the NET, therefore, NE unable to be inactivated

Question 47

what are the different cholinergic receptors

Answer 47

muscarinic nicotinic

Question 48

cholinergic receptors respond to what?

Answer 48

Ach - both M and N muscarine - muscarinic receptors nicotine - nicotinic receptors

Question 49

what are your adrenergic receptors

Answer 49

alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2 beta 3 dopamine

Question 50

Where do the majority of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate?

Answer 50

on ganglion cells distributed diffusely or in networks in the walls of the innervated organs.

Question 51

Which step is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines?

Answer 51

conversion of tyrosine to dopa