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Pharmacology I > Test 2 part I > Flashcards

Test 2 part I Flashcards

1
Q

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are functional components of _______________ neurons of the _______________ nervous system

A

motor; peripheral

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2
Q

__________________ is a functional part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary responses (like CO, flow distribution, and digestion)

A

autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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4
Q

the autonomic nervous system is primarily concerned with control and integration of _________________ functions

A

visceral

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5
Q

which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor control?

A

somatic nervous system

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6
Q

the central nervous system functions through use of ____________________

A

negative feedback loops

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7
Q

T/F: there are new theories emerging on vagus related immune function as a part of the autonomic nervous system

A

true

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8
Q

negative feedback generally promotes _______________, while positive feedback promotes _____________________

A

stability; increased fluctuation of output

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9
Q

positive feedback leads to instability via __________________, ________________, or ___________________

A

exponential growth; oscillation; chaotic behavior

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10
Q

sympathetic nerves leave the CNS through the _____________________ and _______________ spinal nerves, thus is called ______________________

A

thoracic; lumbar; thoraco-lumbar

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11
Q

the parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS through ________________ and ______________spinal nerves, thus is called ____________________

A

cranial nerves; sacral; craniosacral

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12
Q

what cranial nerves do parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS through?

A

III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
(3,7,9,&10)

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13
Q

sympathetic nerves travel via ________________________ preganglionic fibers and then to _____________________ postganglionic fibers

A

short; long

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14
Q

parasympathetic nerves travel via _____________________ preganglionic fibers and then to __________________ postganglionic fibers

A

long; short

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15
Q

T/F: some preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system, terminate in ganglia located outside the organs innervated

A

false; some parasympathetic fibers do this

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16
Q

what ganglia located outside of the organs innervated do some parasympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate in

A
  1. ciliary
  2. pterygopalatine
  3. submandibular
  4. otic
  5. pelvic
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17
Q

____________________ is sometimes considered a 3rd division of the CNS

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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18
Q

______________________ is a highly organized collection of neurons located in the walls of the GI system that goes from the esophagus to the distal colon

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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19
Q

the enteric nervous system is involved in _______________ and _______________ activities of the gut

A

motor; sensory

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20
Q

what plexi are included in the enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

plexus of auerbach (myenteric plexus) and plexus of meissner (submucous plexus)

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21
Q

input to the enteric nervous system is received from what fibers?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and fibers in the wall of the gut

22
Q

what is the function of the enteric nervous system

A

to provide synchronization of impulses that ensure forward propulsion of the gut

23
Q

which has faster neurotransmitter effects the autonomic or the somatic nervous system

A

somatic

24
Q

acetylcholine is a _______________________ on the chemistry molecular level, which means it is __________________ and does not cross the _______________

A

quaternary ammonium ester; lipid insoluble; blood brain barrier

25
Q

acetylcholine is synthesized inside the neuron from ____________ + __________ in a reaction controlled by ______________________

A

choline; acetyl CoA; Choline-acetyl transferase

26
Q

acetyl coA, a component in the synthesis of acetylcholine is synthesized where?

A

mitochondria

27
Q

Acetylcholine in presynaptic vesicles in motor nerve endings are released in the synaptic cleft in ________________

A

quanta

28
Q

Ach release is dependent on ________________

A

calcium

29
Q

what are the other names for acetylcholinesterase

A

true cholinesterase
specific cholinesterase

30
Q

each molecule of acetylcholinesterase degrades ______________ molecules of Ach per second

A

25,000

31
Q

T/F: Ach must be synthesized constantly

A

true; it is not recycled or re-used

32
Q

when Ach is broken down by acetylcholinesterase, _________________ is recycled to the motor nerve terminal and used to resynthesize Ach

A

choline

33
Q

what is the neurotransmitter released from cholinergic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

what are examples of cholinergic efferent fibers?

A
  1. somatic motor nerves
  2. preganglionic sympathetic fibers
  3. preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
  4. post-ganglionic sympathetic sweat glands
  5. post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
35
Q

almost all efferent nerve fibers leaving the CNS are __________; meaning they release ___________________.

A

cholinergic; Ach

36
Q

Ach is hydrolyzed in < _____________ ms by acetylcholinesterase

A

15

37
Q

Adrenal medullary cells are stimulated by _______________ to release a mixture of ______________ and __________ into the vasculature

A

Ach; norepinephrine; epinephrine

38
Q

what are the 5 key features of neurotransmitter function, which provides potential targets for drugs

A
  1. synthesis - can interrupt synthesis of Ach/NE
  2. storage - can manipulate vesicle formation
  3. release - trigger/block negative feedback
  4. termination of action - inhibit negative feedback/acetylcholinesterase
  5. receptor effects - agonist/antagonist
39
Q

what are the steps of cholinergic signal transmission?

A
  1. influx of Ca via voltage gated calcium channels increase intracellular calcium
  2. calcium signals the fusion of vesicles (containing Ach) to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
  3. pores open releasing Ach into the synaptic cleft
  4. Ach stimulates cholinergic receptors (M / N) on the postsynaptic membrane
  5. Ach-E hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetic acid –> choline reabsorbed into presynaptic membrane
40
Q

if Ach in the synaptic cleft stimulates a muscarinic receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

A

negative feedback, inhibiting the release of more Ach into the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic membrane

41
Q

if norepinephrine activates a Beta-1 receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

A

positive feedback increasing the release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft

42
Q

if norepinephrine activates an Alpha-2 receptor on the presynaptic membrane, this will cause what?

A

negative feedback, inhibiting the release of more NE into the synaptic cleft

43
Q

how does precedex work to blunt the sympathetic response

A

activates alpha 2 receptors on the presynaptic membrane inhibiting further release of NE into the synaptic membrane

44
Q

what are the steps of adrenergic signal transmission

A
  1. influx of Ca via voltage gated channels, increases intracellular calcium
  2. increased intracellular calcium signals the fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane
  3. release of NE via expulsion from presynaptic membrane
  4. stimulation of adrenoreceptors on the post-synaptic membrane
  5. NE diffuses away for metabolism in the plasma or liver; OR norepinephrine transporter takes NE back to the cyoplasm of the presynaptic membrane
45
Q

what is the primary method used for removal of Norepinephrine from the synaptic membrane

A

NET takes NE back to cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane

46
Q

what causes the high blood pressure in chronic cocaine users postoperatively?

A

cocaine depletes the NET, therefore, NE unable to be inactivated

47
Q

what are the different cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic
nicotinic

48
Q

cholinergic receptors respond to what?

A

Ach - both M and N
muscarine - muscarinic receptors
nicotine - nicotinic receptors

49
Q

what are your adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
beta 3
dopamine

50
Q

Where do the majority of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate?

A

on ganglion cells distributed diffusely or in networks in the walls of the innervated organs.

51
Q

Which step is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines?

A

conversion of tyrosine to dopa

Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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