Test I part I

Question 1

what is defined as the action of the body on the drug

Answer 1

pharmacokinetics

Question 2

what is defined as the action of the drug on the body

Answer 2

pharmacodynamics

Question 3

what is the concentration of drug in the blood plasma during the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Answer 3

pharmacokinetics

Question 4

what is the physiological mechanism by which a drug produces its effects

Answer 4

pharmacodynamics

Question 5

what is pharmacotoxicology

Answer 5

the study of the physiological mechanisms by which drugs produce their adverse effects/side effects in humans and environments

Question 6

what are the 3 primary processes of pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

input
distribution
elimination

Question 7

what is a drug?

Answer 7

any substance that brings about change in biologic function through its chemical actions

Question 8

what are the fundamental things that drugs “DO”

Answer 8

-modify pre-existing conditions
- have multiple sites of action
- cause toxicity
- cause adverse effects
- contribute to cost of care

Question 9

what is the difference between a drug and a poison

Answer 9

the dose

Question 10

drugs that produce/enhance an effect similar to the natural effect of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances

Answer 10

agonist

Question 11

Drugs that block/diminish the natural effects of hormones, neurotransmitters, or other drugs

Answer 11

antagonists

Question 12

how do drug antagonists work?

Answer 12

-inhibit cell fx by occupying receptor sites
-bind to receptors but do NOT activate them
- fx to prevent agonists (natural or drug) from stimulating the receptor

Question 13

GABA is an inhibitory NT. Thus if you give a GABA agonist, like propofol, what is the effect?

Answer 13

enhanced inhibition –> sleep

Question 14

what are the different types of agonists?

Answer 14

full agonist
partial agonist
inverse agonist

Question 15

what is a full agonist

Answer 15

shifts the majority of available receptors into the DR complex (enhancing effect of receptor)

Question 16

what is a partial agonist

Answer 16

binds to the same receptors as full agonist; however, does not evoke as great of a response no matter how high the concentration

Question 17

under what conditions can a partial agonist produce a dose-response curve similar to those seen with a full agonist?

Answer 17

when a full agonist is present with an irreversible antagonist

Question 18

T/F: sufficiently high concentrations of agonists can exceed the effect of a given antagonists

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what is an inverse agonist

Answer 19

a drug that when binds to receptor results in the opposite effect produced by conventional agonists at that receptor

Question 20

T/F: all receptors are always active

Answer 20

false; they are either in an active or inactive state

Question 21

what are the different types of antagonists

Answer 21

competitive
irreversible (noncompetitive)
chemical
physiologic

Question 22

competitive antagonist

Answer 22

progressively inhibits a response in the presence of a fixed concentration of agonist

Question 23

what is the effect if you have a high concentration of competitive antagonist?

Answer 23

can prevent the response completely

Question 24

presence of a competitive antagonist increases the _____________________ required for a given degree of response

Answer 24

agonist concentration

Question 25

________________ fxs by forming a covalent bond with the receptor, therefore making it unavailable to bind with any agonist

Answer 25

irreversible (noncompetitive) antagonist

Question 26

phenoxybenzamine is an alpha-1 blocker given for a pheochromocytoma surgery, this drug forms a covalent bond with the catecholamine receptors, preventing excretion of epi and norepi. phenoxybenzamine is an example of?

Answer 26

irreversible antagonist

Question 27

a irreversible antagonist was given, but now due to unseen circumstances you need to give an agonist that fx's on those same receptors. What would be the effect?

Answer 27

number of unbound receptors may be too low for agonist to produce biological response even at high concentrations

Question 28

what is a chemical antagonist

Answer 28

a drug that creates an ionic bond with another drug (neutralizing it), making it unavailable for a biological response and able to move across the membrane for elimination

Question 29

giving protamine sulfate to reverse heparin is an example of what?

Answer 29

chemical antagonist

Question 30

what are 2 examples of chemical antagonists?

Answer 30

protamine (+) for heparin (-) suggamadex (+) for Rocuronium (-)

Question 31

what is a physiologic antagonist?

Answer 31

use of a drug to interrupt endogenous regulatory pathways mediated by different receptors

Question 32

insulin and glucagon work on different receptor pathways and have opposing effects. thus, insulin and glucagon would be __________________

Answer 32

physiological antagonists

Question 33

if you have a decrease in HR due to release of acetylcholine through the vagus nerve why would you choose atropine over isopro?

Answer 33

atropine fx on the acetylcholine receptors thus making it easier to control than isopro which also increases HR but does through B receptors

Question 34

what is a poison?

Answer 34

a drugs that has almost exclusively harmful effects

Question 35

what is a toxin?

Answer 35

poisons of biologic origin (plants or animals)

Question 36

you can turn any drug into a ____________; however, _____________ are naturally occuring

Answer 36

poison; toxins

Question 37

enantiomer

Answer 37

molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image

Question 38

enzymes and drug transporters are ________________, meaning they prefer one enantiomer over another

Answer 38

sterio-selective

Question 39

the majority of drugs are ____________ mixtures of enantiomers, meaning 50% is less active, inactive or actively toxic

Answer 39

racemic

Question 40

one chiral center yields ___________ stereoisomers

Answer 40

2

Question 41

stereoisomers

Answer 41

isomers that differ in the 3-D orientation of atoms

Question 42

Enantiomer

Answer 42

stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images

Question 43

racemic mixture

Answer 43

mixture of 2 equal quantities of 2 enantiomers

Question 44

drug effects only last as long as ___________________

Answer 44

the drug occupies the receptor

Question 45

___________________ is a strong chemical bond and in many cases NOT reversible under normal biologic conditions

Answer 45

covalent

Question 46

what type of drug receptor bond is present with asprin and a platelet?

Answer 46

covalent; it blocks the synthesis of thromboxin A2 for the life of the plt (8-10) days

Question 47

drugs that produce a covalent bond with their receptor, when would the effect of the drug stop?

Answer 47

until the DR complex is destroyed and a new receptor/enzyme is synthesized

Question 48

due to the bond created with drug asprin to its receptor on a platelet, how long would you expect the effects of ASA to last? A. 4-8 days B. 8-10 days C. 6-12 days D. 8-12 days

Answer 48

B. 8-10 days forms a covalent bond so effects stay around until plt dies (life of 8-10 days)

Question 49

_________________ drug-receptor bond is more common that covalent bonds, and strength ranges from relatively strong to weaker hydrogen bonds

Answer 49

electrostatic

Question 50

most drug-receptor bonds fall into what area?

Answer 50

electrostatic