test 2 pinky and the brain Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
paired or unpaired? parietal
A
paired, two pariahs
2
Q
paired or unpaired? temporal
A
paired, two temples
3
Q
paired or unpaired? frontal
A
unpaired, one forehead
4
Q
paired or unpaired? sphenoid
A
unpaired, one nose
5
Q
paired or unpaired? occipital
A
unpaired, one occiput
6
Q
paired or unpaired? ethmoid
A
unpaired, one nose
7
Q
paired or unpaired? maxilla
A
paired, two faced
8
Q
paired or unpaired? zygomatic
A
paired, two cheek bones
9
Q
paired or unpaired? palatine
A
paired, two nares
10
Q
paired or unpaired? lacrimal
A
paired, two tear ducts
11
Q
paired or unpaired? nasal
A
paired, two nares
12
Q
paired or unpaired? inferior nasal concha
A
paired, two nares
13
Q
paired or unpaired? mandible
A
unpaired, one lower jaw bone
14
Q
paired or unpaired? vomer
A
unpaired, one nose
15
Q
number of bones in the skull
A
22, the average age for traumatic skull injuries from unfortunate ski accidents without a helmet
16
Q
paired or unpaired? auditory ossicles including malleus, incus, and stapes
A
paired, with two ears…
17
Q
paired or unpaired? hyoid
A
unpaired, (“lateral to the greater cornu”)
18
Q
number of bones associated but not attached to the skull, including the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
A
7
19
Q
the coronal suture goes all the way from __ to __ and separates the __ and __ bones
A
left to right separates frontal and parietal
20
Q
the sagittal suture goes from __ to __ and separates the __ bones
A
front to back separates the left and right parietal bones
21
Q
the lambdoid suture separates the parietal from __
A
occipital
22
Q
the squamous suture separates the temporal from __
A
parietal
23
Q
the __ process is the larger and the __ process is the smaller extentions on the inferior aspect of the temporal bone
A
mastoid is bigger, like a mast on a sail boat styloid is smaller, like a stylus for your tablet
24
Q
The zygomatic arch is composed of two processes of two bones connected like a bridge, what are they called? think “vice versa”
A
zygomatic process of temporal bone temporal process of zygomatic bone
25
The occipital bone has a BIG hole in the bottom called the __ \_\_, and two legs on either side of the big hole that stand on C1 called occipital \_\_
foramen magnum occipital condyles
26
the greater wing of the __ bone, from the lateral view, is bordered by the frontal, parietal, temporal, and zygomatic bone.
sphenoid it's kind of stuck in the middle behind your eye
27
Where is your "genu"
chin
28
What is the opening in the temporal bone where sounds waves pass through?
external auditory meatus
29
What does the mandible use to articulate with the zygomatic arch?
the mandibular condyle
30
What bone(s) form(s) the roof of the orbit?
frontal
31
What bone(s) form(s) the roof AND lateral wall of the orbit? (according to slide 10, but it looks more like the posterior wall to me on slide 9)
sphenoid
32
What bone(s) form(s) the lateral wall of the orbit?
zygomatic
33
What bone(s) form(s) the floor of the orbit?
maxilla
34
What bone(s) form(s) the medial wall of the orbit?
lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine
35
what lobes of the brain rest in the anterior cranial fossa? the medial cranial fossa? the posterior cranial fossa?
anterior - frontal medial - temporal and parietal posterior - occipital
36
the word foramen means a __ opening, the plural of foramen is foramina
small
37
what is the opening into the carotid canal? it usually is filled with cartilage in adults
the foramen lacerum
38
which cranial nerves passe through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 facial and cranial nerve 8 acoustic AKA vestibulocochlear, imagine a small number eight sitting inside your ear
39
the foramen magnum is the dividing point between the __ and the __ cord
medulla spinal cord
40
the rooster's comb AKA the __ \_\_ is part of the __ bone, and the dura mater attaches here
crista galli ethmoid bone
41
what passes through the foramina rotundum?
maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
42
what passes through the optic foramina?
optic nerve cn2, goes through optic foramina to optic canal
43
the turkish saddle AKA the __ \_\_ is part of the __ bone and it holds the anterior and posterior __ glands
sella turcica sphenoid bone pituitary glands
44
because the sella turcica surrounds the pituitary gland on all sides and inferiorly, if the pit gland were to hypertrophy its only option would be to expand upwards and compress CN\_\_ and then \_\_
CN2 optic hypothallamus
45
the foramen spinosum and the foramen ovale are found in what bone very close to the sella turcica? which is more mediaL?
sphenoid bone ovaLe more mediaL, spinosum "spinned" outwards
46
the jugular foramen is sort of between the __ and __ bones, pretty close to foramen magnum, but not as close as the __ canal which is almost inside the foramen magnum
occipital and temporal bones hypoglossal canal
47
superior orbital fissure
"nerves 3,4,6 make your eyes do tricks, part of 5" occulomotor, trochlear, abducens nerves, opthalmic branch of trigeminal
48
internal acoustic meatus
facial and vestibulocochlear AKA acoustic nerves
49
jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves
50
hypoglossal canal inside the foramen magnum
hypoglossal nerve
51
what passes through foramen ovale?
mandibular branch of trigeminal
52
three branches of trigeminal for three foramen: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular branches
superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
53
three openings in the temporal bone and what goes through them
carotid canal (internal carotid artery) external auditory meatus (soundwaves) internal auditory meatus (facial and auditory CN 7 and 8)
54
two openings in the occipital bone and what goes through them
hypoglossal canal (hypoglossal CN 12) foramen magnum (spinal cord, spinal accessory CN 11, vertebral arteries)
55
one opening in the ethmoid bone and what goes through it
olfactory foramen (olfactory CN1)
56
five openings in the sphenoid bone and what passes through them
foramen ovale (mandibular branch of trigeminal 5) foramen rotundum (maxillary branch of trigem 5) foramen spinosum (middle meningeal artery) optic foramen/canal (optic CN2, opthalmic artery) superior orbital fissure (CN3, 4, 6, part of 5, opthalmic veins) "3,4,6 make your eyes do tricks, 5 opthalmic branch of trigem"
57
one opening between temporal and occipital and what passes through it
jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, CN 9,10,11 glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory)
58
What are the four parts of the brainstem? hint- none of them contain the words "thalamus" or "lobe"
–Medulla oblongata –Pons –Midbrain –Reticular formation/Reticular activating system
59
What are the four parts of the diencephalon? hint- they all end with "thalamus" :)
–Thalamus –Subthalamus –Epithalamus –Hypothalamus
60
what are the four parts of the cerebrum? hint- they all end with "lobe" :)
–Frontal lobe –Parietal lobe –Occipital lobe –Temporal lobe
61
what separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
the "long"itudinal fissure, it's the longest axis from front to back, separates the two sides.
62
what separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes?
the central sulcus, it's in the "center" between the front and back hemispheres
63
no specific structure separates the parietal and occipital lobes, it's separated more by \_\_
function
64
where are the precentral and postcentral gyri located?
anterior and posterior to the central sulcus
65
what separates the frontal and parietal from the temporal lobes?
the lateral fissure, it's on the lateral sides of the brain
66
what are by far the largest structures of the diencephalon?
the left and right thalamus
67
hypothalamus is a cluster of \_\_, thus __ matter, and it is connected to the anterior and posterior __ gland
cluster of nuclei, thus grey matter pituitary gland
68
corpus callosum consists of __ that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
tracts
69
CSF is produced by the __ plexus by __ cells
choroid plexus ependymal cells
70
pyramidal decussation, where descending somatic motor pathways (corticospinal tracts) cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the spinal cord, left brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
71
olives, transmission of sound impulses and balance
72
where are the nuclei (nerve cell bodies) for CN 9, 10, 11, 12 located?
medulla oblongata
73
name the nucleus associated with Sensory fibers for CN 9 and 10
nucleus SolilatariuS in the medulla oblongata
74
name the nucleus associated with Motor fibers for CN 9 and 10
nucleus aMbiguus in the medulla oblongata
75
where are the inspiratory and expiratory centers?
medulla oblongata
76
the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis are associated with __ \_\_ pathways in the medulla
ascending sensory pathways
77
two areas in the medulla (raphe magnus nucleus and reticularis paragigantocellularis) and one area in the pons (periaquaductal gray matter) are associated with modulation of __ transmission
modulation of pain transmission
rapheal the ninja turtle lived in a gigantic gray water duct where he supressed pain transmission (mu, delta, kappa receptors, endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins neurotransmitters)
78
where are the nuclei for various AUTOnomic nuclei located that control such things as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and the cardiovascular vasomotor center?
the medulla
79
where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?
in the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla
80
top arrow = nucleus cuneatus
bottom arrow = nucleus gracilis
both associated with ascending sensory pathways
81
pons, ABOVE the medulla, contains tracts that connect the cerebrum to cerebellum, also the nuclei for CN 5, 6, 7, 8, the pneumotaxic respiratory center, periaquaductal grey matter, and part of the locus ceruleus
82
the locus ceruleus is a group of __ secreting neurons which synapse with higher brain centers and excite them via \_\_, an important part of wakefulness and alertness, many antidepressants aimed at increasing __ at these synapses
norepinephrine secreting neurons
norepi
norepi
83
where is the locus ceruleus located?
Pons
84
where is the periaquaductal grey matter located?
pons
85
where is the pneumotaxic respiratory center?
pons
86
where are the nuclei for CN 5,6,7,8?
pons
87
where are the cerebral to cerebellar tracts?
pons
88
midbrain, specifically superior and inferior colliculi that make up the corpora quadrigemina of the tectum (roof)
89
diencephalon, specifically thalamus (big) and pineal body (small)
90
where are the nuclei for CN 3 and 4? occulomotor and trochlear
midbrain
91
where are the nuclei for CN 1 and 2?
totally different than the other ten
92
tectum is another word for \_\_
tegmentum is another word for \_\_
parts of the \_\_
tectum - roof
tegmentum - floor
parts of the midbrain
93
what is the corpora quadrigemina? where is it?
the four twin bodies that make up the two superior and two inferior colliculi of the tectum (roof) of the midbrain
94
the inferior colliculi of the midbrain receives impulses from CN \_, __ impulses before transmitting those impulses to higher brain centers for interpretation, also send impulses to superior colliculi
CN 8 acoustic
sound impulses
95
the superior colliculi receives impulses from CN _ (\_\_ impulses), also from inferior colliculi, skin, and cerebral hemispheres
CN 2 visual impulses, when you're duck hunting and cannot shoot anything because you have a disfunction of your superior colliculi
96
tectum (roof) of midbrain functions
superior - visual impulses for shooting birds
inferior - auditory impulses from ears
97
the tegmentum (floor) of the midbrain has ascending sensory tracts of course, but it also contains two very special parts called the __ nuclei and the __ \_\_
red nuclei
sustantia nigra
98
the red nuclei is the origin of the ___ tract, an extrapyramidal motor tract that controls unconscious motor movements, well defined in cats who can do summersaults through the air and always land on their feet
the red nuclei is found in \_\_
rubrospinal
found in the tegmentum (floor) of the midbrain
99
what is the red portion? what is the blue portion?
red = diencephalon
blue = brainstem, brainstem
100
what is the substantia nigra? where is it located? what is it associated with?
the origin of the nigrostriatal pathway (which terminates on the corpus STRIATUM of cerebrum), part of basal nuclei, associated with dopamine and parkinsons disease, located in tegmentum (floor) of midbrain.
101
the reticular formation is a cloud of nuclei (grey matter) that synapse with higher brain centers to release excitatory neurotransmitters and causes alertness. an __ pathway
oscillating pathway
sound impulses (alarm clock), light impulses (turn on bathroom light), touch impulses (splash cold water on face, shave), olfactory impulses (smell coffee brewing)
102
parietal
103
temporal
104
frontal
105
sphenoid
106
occipital
107
ethmoid
108
maxilla
109
zygomatic
110
lacrimal
111
nasal
112
inferior nasal concha
113
mandible
114
vomer
115
coronal suture
116
sagittal suture
117
lambdoid suture
118
squamous suture
119
name some important nuclei that make an important contribution to the reticular activating system
perhaps a blue area?
locus cerulius
120
sequence of breathing-
1. medullary inspiratory center automatically generate impulses
2. descending tracts synapse with phrenic nerve in cervical spine
3. phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm which contracts and shortens, pulls lungs down into thorax
4. simultaneously, intercostal nerves activate EXternal intercostal muscles, pull ribs up and out, A/P diameter increased
5. simultaneously, pontine pneumotaxic center EXcited, which sends INhibitory impulses to medullary inspiratory center
6. medullary inspiratory center inhibited, no more impulses to phrenic, diaphragm relaxes and domes up against lungs
7. simultaneously external intercostals relax, ribs down and in, A/P diameter decreased
slide 25
121
normally, expiration is a __ process when the signal to inspire ceases
passive
122
active (not passive) expiration sequence
1. medullary expiratory center synapses with internal intercostals, pulls ribs down and in, decreases A/P size
2. usually only for really active expiration
slide 25
123
central chemoreceptors in the medulla monitor __ changes in the \_\_
pH changes in the CSF
124
what is the main determinant of CSF pH?
CO2 carbon dioxide
125
increased CO2 in the CSF decreases the pH, causing __ rate and depth of respirations
decreased CO2 in the CSF increases the pH, causing __ rate and depth of respirations
increased CO2 increases rate and depth
decreased CO2 decreases rate and depth
126
what are a person's main drive to breathe from breath to breath?
central chemoreceptors that monitor pH (CO2) in the CSF
BUT, they can reset themselves to a chronically acidic pH (COPD) then they are no longer the main drive
127
peripheral chemoreceptors monitor the __ in the aortic and carotid bodies, excited when the __ drops below 60, sends impulse to medullary inspiratory center to increase breathing
PaO2
PaO2
128
stretch receptors in lungs __ inspiration, called the \_\_-\_\_ reflex
inhibit inspiration when the lungs stretched to vital capacity
herring-brewer reflex
129
what is the largest part of the diencephalon?
thalamus
130
what is located between the left and right lobes of the thalamus?
third ventricle
131
what is a nucleus?
a cluster of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites, and where neurons synapse with those dendrites
132
what is the thalamus?
a cluster of nuclei
133
almost ALL sensory afferent input that is transmitted from the sensory organs to the spinal cord to the brain first stop in one of the nuclei of the \_\_\_, and then the __ determines which part of the brain that sensory input needs to go to, like a traffic director or a dispatcher
thalamus
thalamus
134
the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus is associated with CN \_\_. then the thalamus directs sensory input from that nerve to the __ lobes
CN 2, optic nerve
goes to occipital lobes
135
the medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus receive sensory input from CN \_\_, then direct the impulse to the __ lobe
CN 8 auditory nerve
temporal lobe
136
ventral and medial nuclei of the thalamus direct all other sensory input besides for __ and __ input
optic (lateral geniculate)
auditory (medial geniculate)
137
the subthalamus is one of the structures that makes up the __ nuclei
basal nuclei
138
the epithalamus is composed of two things _ and \_
habenular nucleus (part of limbic, deals with emotional and visceral response to odors)
pineal body (secretes melatonin, possibly affects onset of puberty
139
the habenular nucleus in the hypothalamus is part of the __ system, and controls our __ response to odors
think of a jalapeno doing the limbo after smelling some garlic bologna gunshot wound on a hot southern night without air conditioning
limbic system
emotional response to odors
140
the pineal body is also in the hypothalamus, secretes \_\_, also controls onset of __ and regulates the estrous cycle
melatonin
onset of pubert
141
what is the name of the stalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
the infundibulum
142
the PORTAL of capillaries and a connecting vein, a PORTAL between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus, a blood PORTAL, this is how hormones from the hypothalamus regulate hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary
hypothalamohypophyseal PORTAL system
143
if the hypothalamus secretes xzxz RELEASING hormone, the anterior pituitary will then release xzxz hormone
examples
GH releasing hormone - GH synthesis and secretion
GH inhibiting hormone AKA somatostatin - inhibition of GH
TSH releasing hormone - TSH synthesis and secretion
ACTH releasing hormone - ACTH synthesis and secretion
gonadotropin releasing hormone - FSH and LH synthesis and secretion
prolactin releasing hormone - prolactin synthesis and secretion
prolactin inhibiting hormone - inhibition of prolactin synthesis and secretion
144
what is another name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis
145
what is the name of the TRACT between the hypothalamus and the POSTerior pituitary?
hypothalamohypophyseal TRACT
axons originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in posterior pituitary
146
two hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus and then transported through the axoplasm of the hypothalamohypophyseal TRACT to the posterior pituitary where they are stored for future use are __ and \_\_
ADH aka vasopressin
oxytocin
147
how is ADH aka vasopressin synthesized and released?
made in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus, transported to posterior pituitary via hypothalamohypophyseal TRACT, stored in posterior pituitary, released in response to osmoreceptors (OUTSIDE THE BBB, in direct contact with interstitial fluid) in hypothalamus that monitor osmolality of interstitial fluid
increased osmolality = increased ADH = retain water and decrease osmolality
148
where do we find osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and what do they measure?
OUTSIDE THE BBB
measure osmolality of interstitial fluid
149
where are the receptor sites for ADH/vasopressin?
how is it released from the posterior pituitary?
renal tubules, vascular smooth muscle (intense vasoconstriction)
released by calcium dependent exocytosis
150
where is oxytocin made, stored, released, blah blah blah
oxytocin- the trust hormone
synthesized in hypothalamus, transported to posterior pit via hypothalamohypophyseal TRACT, stored in posterior pit, released by uterine contraction and nipple stimulation, causes more uterine contraction (positive feedback) and letdown of milk from mammary ducts
151
other functions of the hypothalamus, most of it unconsciously
autonomic center (HR, BP, urination, peristalsis), swallowing, temp regulation, hunger, RAS sleep/wake
152
precentral gyrus AKA primary __ cortex
primary motor cortex
153
prefrontal lobes are highly developed in humans, they are associated with our \_\_
intelligence, emotions, musical talents, abstract reasoning, creativity, mathematical abilities, artsy-fartsy
154
people who are left prefrontal lobe dominant are usually \_\_
right handed, highly mathematical, organized, scientific,
155
people who are right prefrontal lobe dominant are usually \_\_
left handed, artists, musicians, creative, artsy-fartsy
156
"guess what happened after people had a prefrontal lobe lobotomy"
"not much" lol
157
what controls skeletal muscle movement throughout the body?
the precentral gyrus AKA primary motor cortex
158
what "pre-plans" motor movements?
the premotor area in front of the primary motor cortex
159
the motor homunculus
160
primary sensory cortex AKA __ gyrus
postcentral gyrus
161
sensory homunculus
162
the sensory association area compares a sensation with previous \_\_ associated with that sensation
experiences
the more repetitive, the stronger the stimulus, the greater the experiences associated with that stimulus, the stronger the response
163
do sensory pathways decussate (cross) in the pyramids?
nope, only motor crosses at the pyramids, sensory crosses at (the level of the spinal cord I think?)
164
where are the visual cortex and visual association areas located
occipital lobes
165
the visual cortex "sees" but does not "\_\_" the image
test question
"recognize"
recognition is a function of the visual association area AND final interpretation in other parts
166
how does a word travel from paper to brain?
CN 2, lateral geniculate bodies in thalamus, visual cortex, visual association area, wernicke's area
167
what is the area responsible for choosing words and sequences before they are spoken?
wernicke's area
168
sequence for speaking
wernicke's area chooses word, to broca's area for planning muscle movement of speech, then primary motor cortex, then to muscles and speaking is accomplished
169
which area is affected if someone has a receptive aphasia?
wernickes, can't recognize the words coming in
170
what area is affected in someone with an expressive aphasia?
broca's. they know the word they want to say but cannot plan the motor movement to speak it.
171
someone with word salad or repetitive
wernicke's
172
what is the sequence of hearing?
CN 8 auditory nerve, medial geniculate in thalamus, primary auditory cortex, auditory association area,
173
where are the basal nuclei located?
throughout the brain
174
where is the substantia nigra located?
tegmentum (floor) of midbrain
175
what composes the corpus striatum?
caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
176
where does the nigrostriatal pathway originate and terminate?
what does it do?
originates in the substantia nigra
terminates in the corpus striatum
it transports dopamine from substantia nigra to corpus striatum to produce movement. loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is consistent with parkinson's.
177
what are the two divisions of the lentiform nucleus?
what do they do?
putanem and globus palladis
help regulate movement
178
what the heck do the basal nuclei do?
regulate skeletal muscle motor movement at the unconscious level
179
what is the sequence for the basal nuclei to regulate motor movement at the unconscious level
test question
nigrostriatal tract - dopamine released at synapse of caudate nucleus - inhibits output at caudate nucleus - simultaneously pathways from primary motor cortex that terminate at caudate nucleus release acetylcholine which excites output from caudate nucleus. also pathways with origin in globus pallidus which terminate at caudate nucleus and release glutamate which excites caudate nucleus
180
neurotransmitters at caudate nucleus, where they originate, and excite/inhibit
dopamine from nigrostriatal - inhibitory
acetylcholine from primary motor cortex - excitatory
glutamate from globus pallidus - excitatory
181
output from the caudate nucleus regulates __ pathways
motor
182
why do we give parkinsons patients sinemet?
they have a deficiency of dopamine at nigrostriatal pathway / deficiency of dopamine receptors at caudate nucleus leading to over-excitation by acetylcholine from primary motor and glutamate from globus pallidus
183
the limbic system controls our __ response to our environment, parts of motivation, perceptions of pain and pleasure, gut response to emotion, mood, appetite, fear, sexuality, anger
emotional
184
what does the hypocampus do?
why do they say elephants have a great memory when it is really the hippos that have the best memory in the animal world
transfer short to long term memory and associated emotions, recall memories and associated emotions into present
185
limbic system
186
what does the cerebellum do?
coordinates actual vs. desired motor movement
187
parkinsons causes __ tremors
problems with the cerebellum causes __ tremors
parkinsons - non-intention tremors (no tremor when picking up water cup)
cerebellum - intention tremors (spills water all over self)
188
are the meninges surrounding the brain CONTINUOUS with those around the spinal cord?
yes
189
is the dura mater attached to the periosteum?
yes
190
how far down into the longitudinal fissure does the dural venous sinus go?
corpus callosum
191
where is the CSF in relation to the meninges?
subarachnoid
192
what bone is the crista galli located on?
ethmoid
193
identify the superior sagittal sinus, the falx cerebri, and the inferior sagittal sinus
194
identify the tentorium and falx cerebelli
195
supra vs. infra tentorial
196
another look of the falx and tentorium
197
which is more rapidly lethal, infra or supra tentorial lesions?
infratentorial, because that's where your life sustaining functions are maintained like breathing, HR
198
is the midbrain supra or infra tentoral?
it's midway between both
199
is the pons and brainstem infra or supra tentoral?
infratentorial
200
is the cerebrum infra or supra tentorial?
supratentorial
201
around the brain the dura is __ layers
around the spinal cord the dura is __ layer
brain- 2 layers of dura
spinal cord- 1 layer of dura
202
is the dura attached to any points on the spinal cord
no
203
identify the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
204
the septum pellucidum is a thin membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles
205
another septum pellucidum pic
206
the third ventricle is located in the diencephalon in between the left and right lobes of the \_
thalamus
207
where is most CSF produced?
lateral ventricles
208
how does CSF get into the spinal cord?
the central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with the fourth ventricle
209
what is the only way that CSF normally exits the ventricles?
three foramina in the floor of the fourth ventricle where CSF exits into subarachnoid space and spinal cord.
210
how does CSF exit subarachnoid into the dural sinuses and venous blood?
arachnoid granulations
211
where do dural sinuses empty?
internal jugulars then into superior vena cava
212
can you point out the superior sagittal sinus, the inferior sagittal sinus, and the internal jugular?
213
How much CSF in the...
ventricles?
subarachnoid space?
total?
ventricles 23ml
subarachnoid 127ml
total 150 ml
214
normal CSF pressure in supine position in mmH2O
50-100 mmH2O
215
how much CSF is produced daily despite rate of absorption and intracranial pressure?
500-750 mls
216
which has more protein, CSF or blood? how much does CSF have?
blood has way more, CSF has 10-45 mg/dl, of which 10-30 mg/dl is albumin
if someone made steak into a pill it would have 10-45 mg/dl of protein
217
CSF has how many WBCs per microliter?
0-5
218
CSF has how many RBCs per microliter?
0
219
CSF has how much glucose in mg/dl?
50-75 mg/dl
think of 50-75 teaspoons of sugar pouring into your brain
220
how much sodium in CSF?
150mEq/L (technically 147-151)
imagine shaking 150 grains of salt onto a brain before you eat it, you barbarian
221
how much potassium in CSF?
3 mEq/L (technically 2.8-3.2 mEq/L)
three bananas a day will keep your brain functioning well before this test
222
how much magnesium in CSF?
1 millimol/L (technically 0.78 - 1.26)
think of ONE bottle of best brain mag capsules
223
how much chloride in CSF?
120-130 mEq/L (technically 118-132)
during the summer when it gets 120-130\* outside your brain wants to go for a swim in the pool
224
what color is CSF?
clear, colorless
225
if your CSF was yellow and turbid and had a marked increase in polymorphonuclear WBCs (neutrophils), with decreased glucose, you probably have __ meningitis
bacterial
226
if your CSF is clear and has a marked increase in lymphocytes and protein but a normal glucose, you probably have __ meningitis
viral
227
The first branch off of the aorta is the __ artery
brachiocephalic AKA innominate "nameless"
228
the vertebral artery branches off of what artery?
subclavian, which branched off of the brachiocephalic, which came from the aorta
229
about how many ml's can the cranial vault increase and not have catastrophic increases in ICP?
3-4 mls
