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Physiology > Test 2: Pulmonary > Flashcards

Test 2: Pulmonary Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Muscle that flexes neck, assists movement of head

A

sternocleidomastoid

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2
Q

Difference between inside of airway and outside of airway

A

transpulmonary pressure

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3
Q

Passive process due to elastic properties of lungs

A

“quiet”/relaxed exhalation

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4
Q

During forced exhalation, which muscles contract to push up the diaphragm

A

internal intercostal muscle

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5
Q

During forced inspiration, which muscles contract (3)

A

(1) pectoralis major, (2) scalene muscles, (3) sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

When contraction of diaphragm occurs, vertical diameter [increases/decreases]

A

increases

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7
Q

When inhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]

A

decrease

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8
Q

When exhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]

A

increases

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9
Q

Law that states that for a given surface tension, small spheres require a higher distending pressure

A

Laplace’s Law of Spheres

P = 4T/r for alveoli
P=pressure
T=surface tension
r=radius of alveoli

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10
Q

Pressure necessary to keep lungs inflated

A

distending pressure

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11
Q

Normal inspiration/expiration volume

A

Tidal volume

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12
Q

The amount of extra air taken in during forced inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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13
Q

The amount of extra air that is expelled during forceful expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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14
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be inspired following normal expiration

A

inspiratory capacity (IC)

IC = TV + IRV

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15
Q

The amount of air in the lungs that stays in the lungs/alveoli

A

residual volume (RV)

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16
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximal inspiration

[All pressure except residual volume (RV)]

A

vital capacity (VC)

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

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17
Q

The amount of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration

[All volumes in the lung together]

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV

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18
Q

The amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration

A

function residual capacity (FRC)

FRC = ERV + RV

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19
Q

Number of breaths taken per minute

A

respiratory rate/frequency (F)

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20
Q

Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

A

anatomic dead space

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21
Q

How much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange does take place

A

alveolar ventilation (VA)

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22
Q

Tidal volume * respiratory rate

A

minute respiratory volume

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23
Q

Tidal volume-dead space * resp. rate

A

alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

It takes [more/less] pressure to begin to open alveoli than to keep them open

A

more

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25
Total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
minute ventilation VE = TV * F
26
Number of breaths taken per minute
respiratory rate/frequency
27
Part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
anatomic dead space (physiological dead space)
28
Amount of air per minute that enters the total volume of fresh air entering alveoli per minute
alveolar ventilation
29
What minute ventilation includes in it's formula that alveolar ventilation does not
dead space
30
Area of anatomic deadspace
Nose to terminal bronchioles 1 cc/lb or 150 mL
31
Area of alveolar deadspace
Alveolar dead
32
Total of anatomic deadspace and alveolar deadspace
physiological deadspace
33
CO2 in blood [increases/decreases) with increase in alveolar ventilation
decreases
34
Alveolar dead space typically occurs due to a lack of this process
perfusion
35
Respiratory rate that is lower than normal age
bradypnea
36
Respiratory rate that is greater than the normal for age
tachypnea
37
Over-ventilation above that needed for the body's CO2 elimination
hyperventilation
38
CO2 is basic/acidic
acidic
39
Under-ventilation below that needed for the body's CO2 elimination
hypoventilation
40
Condition of maintaining acid (PCO2) in the blood
respiratory acidosis
41
Condition of maintaining base in the blood
respiratory alkalosis
42
Recoil of lungs and chest wall
elastic forces
43
How much the lungs and chest wall can distend Change in V / change in P
elastance
44
Change in v / change in p
compliance
45
Amount of air you can force from you lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)
FEV1
46
Normal FVC and FEV1 reference value
80%
47
Forced expiratory flow over the middle one half of the FVC; average flow from the point at which 25% of the FVC has been exhaled to the point at which 75% of the FVC has been exhaled
FEF 25%-75%
48
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
forced vital capacity IRV + ERV + TV
49
System circulation to the tracheobronchial tree and parenchyma (covering of alveoli)
bronchial circulation
50
Sheet of blood vessels that surrounds alveoli and oxygenates blood for systemic circulation
pulmonary capillary bed
51
Pulsatile flow measuring systolic and diastolic pressures
mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MAP)
52
MAP of >35/15
pulmonary hypertension
53
MAP of <20/5
pulmonary hypotension
54
Average mean systemic arterial pressure
120/80
55
Pulmonary arteries originate from which area of the heart
left ventricle
56
Pulmonary arteries have [more/less] pressure than the left atrium
more
57
As lung volumes increase, vessels [increase/decrease] in radius
increase
58
During expiration and low lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [expand/constrict]
constrict
59
During inhalation and high lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [dilate/constrict]
dilate
60
Alveolar vessels (capillary) [expand/constrict] as lung volume increases
constrict
61
Extra-alveolar vessel resistance rises/falls with lung inflation
falls
62
Alveolar vessel (capillary) resistance rises/falls with lung inflation
rises
63
As CO increases, pulmonary arterial pressure [increases/decreases]
increases
64
Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance when arterial pressure increases from low levels Process of increasing amount of capillaries blood flows through to lower resistance before entering venules
capillary recruitement
65
Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance at higher vascular pressures before entering venules
capillary distension
66
Which pressure accounts for uneven distribution of blood flow
hydrostatic pressure
67
Area of heart with the highest rate of blood flow
bases
68
Zone of the top portion of lungs where alveolar pressure is greater than arteriole pressure, potential alveolar deadspace alveolar > arterial > venous
Zone 1
69
Zone of the middle portion of lungs where flow is determined by the gradient between alveolar and arterial pressure, not by the gradient between arterial and venous Venous pressure is not an influence unless it exceeds arterial arterial > alveolar > venous
Zone 2
70
Zone of the bottom portion of the lung where flow is determined by the arterial-venous pressure gradient arterial > venous > alveolar
Zone 3
71
Blood flow is [highest/lowest] at the base of the lung
highest
72
The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries
perfusion perfusion = CO (5 L/min)
73
Cardiac output equation
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
74
Vessels that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
75
Vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA of heart
pulmonary veins
76
Extra-alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation
falls
77
Alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation
rises
78
Inadequate O2 delivery to a tissue
hypoxia
79
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
80
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)
Forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)
81
The forced expiratory flow during the middle one half (25%-75%) of FEF
Forced expiratory flow 25%-75%
82
During exercise, blood flow [increases/decreases]
increases substantially
83
Law that states each pressure exerted by each gas in space is independent of the pressure exerted by other gases
Dalton's Law P = % total gases * Ptotal
84
Increasing pressure [increases/decreases] resistance
decreases
85
Equation for measurement of pulmonary blood flow (Fick Principle)
VO2 = Q (CaO2 - CvO2)
86
When CaO2 increases, pulmonary blood flow [increases/decreases]
increases
87
Determinants of diffusion (4)
(1) pressure gradient, (2) area, (3) distance, (4) solubility & molecular weight (fixed)
88
Equation that demonstrates the relationship between flow and ventilation
V/Q
89
In zone 1 of the lungs, the V/Q ratio is [higher/lower]
higher
90
The movement of blood away from an area of low ventilation V/Q is less than normal
physiological shunt
91
An area of wasted ventilation (ventilation but no blood flow) V/Q is higher than normal
physiological deadspace
92
The percent of hemoglobin that has oxygen bound
saturation
93
The driving pressure for diffusion
partial pressure
94
Average tissue PO2 level
95
Standard normal amount of hemoglobin in blood
15 grams Hb/100 mL of blood
96
Percent saturation of hemoglobin on arterial & venous circulation
100% arterial / 75% venous
97
Standard normal amount of O2 in blood
20 mL/100 mL blood
98
Amount of O2 delivered to the capillaries per minute
oxygen delivery
99
Equation for O2 delivery
DO2 = CO * Ca02
100
The amount of oxygen in the arterial circulation is based on (3)
(1) the amount of hemoglobin, (2) the saturation of hemoglobin with O2, (3) the amount of O2 each gram of hemoglobin can carry
101
Relationship between affinity and O2 dissociation
negative correlation
102
Ways to increase O2 delivery to tissues
(1) increased blood flow, (2) increased content
103
Percent of total CO2 involved in bicarbonate reaction
70%
104
Percent of total CO2 bonded to hemoglobin after reaction
23%
105
Percent of total CO2 still dissolved in blood after reaction with tissue
7%
106
Pressure designed to push substances out of capillary beds
hydrostatic pressure of capillary
107
Type of pressure that directly correlates with hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
systolic pressure
108
Pressure that protein, albumin, is exerting to keep water in the bloodstream
osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid depends on albumin
109
Pressure designed to pull substances into capillary bed
osmotic pressure of capillary
110
Pressure designed to push substances into interstitial fluid
hydrostatic pressure of interstitual fluid
111
Major chemical pH buffers in the extracellular fluid
112
Major chemical pH buffers in the intercellular fluid
113
Major chemical pH buffers in the bone
114
acidosis
an increase in proton production in extracellular fluid
115
alkalosis
a decrease in proton production in extracellular fluid
116
titratable acid

Physiology (5 decks)

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