Test 3: Renal Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Arteriole that carries blood to the glomerular capillaries for filtration
A
afferent arteriole
2
Q
Tuft of glomerular capillaries through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood; primary filtration system
A
glomerulus
3
Q
Arterioles that carries blood into kidney
A
afferent arterioles
4
Q
Waste products of metabolism (that are no longer needed by body)
A
urea creatine uric acid end products of hemoglobin breakdown metabolites of various hormones
5
Q
The [right/left] kidney sits higher than the other
A
right
6
Q
Portion of kidney that filtrates to form urine
A
cortex
7
Q
Portion of kidney that protects and maintains shape
A
capsule
8
Q
Part of kidney that collects and excretes urine
A
medulla
9
Q
Portion of medulla that contains tubules
A
pyramids
10
Q
Portion of medulla that contains blood vessels
A
columns
11
Q
Amount of nephrons in each kidney
A
1 million
12
Q
Rate at which urine is formed
A
1 mL/minute
13
Q
Bladder capacity
A
~400-500 mL
14
Q
Part of nephron that converts filtered fluid into urine on its way to the pelvis
A
Long tube
15
Q
Part of nephron that takes filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule and moves it to the pelvis of the kidney
A
collecting duct
16
Q
Three portions of the renal tubule
A
proximal convulted tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), loop of Henle
17
Q
Nephron that starts in the cortex and extend down into the medulla, in some cases to near the pelvis of the kidney; secretes, reabsobs and concentrates urine
A
juxtamedullary nephron
18
Q
Entire nephron is located in the outer region of the kidney, the cortex; primarily in secretion and reabsorption of different substances
A
cortical nephron
19
Q
Blood flow through kidney
A
1100 mL/min
20
Q
Percent of CO that flows to the kidneys
A
22%
21
Q
Distal ends of the capillaries of each glomerulus come together to form the efferent arteriole, which leads to a second capillary network that surrounds renal tubules
A
peritublular capillaries
22
Q
Most blood of kidneys enters
A
Peritubular circulation
23
Q
Ascending and descending vessels in juxtamedullary nephrons
A
vasa recta
less than 1% blood here
24
Q
Path of renal blood flow
A
renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > afferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobular veins > renal vein
25
Ascending and descending limbs of of this structure loop along with their blood vessels and collecting tubes form the pyramids in the medulla
Loop of Henle
26
Water content of the filtrate when filtrate reaches descending limb of loop of Henle
70%
27
Tubules furthest from the glomerulus that helps regulate potassium excretion
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
28
Equatoin for what is oging ot be excreted
Amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted = amount of solute excreted
29
Apparatus that regulates blood pressure within the kidneys, regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
30
system that regulates blood pressure and volume
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
31
Factors that cells of the macula densa are sensitive to in the afferent tubule
(1) ionic content and (2) water volume of fluid
32
Pressure forces filtration of blood in the glomerulus
glomerular filtration
33
Amount of filtrate formed each minute
Glomerular filtration
34
The process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body
tubular reabsorption
35
The movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate
tubular secretion
36
Pores which act as a filtration (dialysis) membrane
fenestrations
37
Prevents filtration of larger proteins
Basal lamina of glomerulus
38
Prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins
Filtration slit membrane
39
Push things out
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
40
Section of nephron that extends the medulla and has thick and thin segments
Juxtamedullary nephron
41
Section of nephron that extends into the medulla with thick segments only; the majority of you nephrons
Cortical nephron
42
System that regulates blood pressure within the kidneys
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
43
Layers of glomerular capillary membrane
(1) endothelium of capillary, (2) basement membrane, (3) layer of epithelial cells
44
Glomerular capillary membrane that prevents filtration of plasma proteins
Basement membrane
45
Final part of the glomerular membrane that a layer of epithelial cells encircle the outer surface of the capillaries
Podocytes
46
Membrane that surrounds glomerular capillaries
Glomerular membrane
47
Charge of epithelial cells; provides additional restriction to filtration of plasma proteins
negative
48
Glomerular filtration depends on (4)
(1) pressure gradient across the filtration slit, (2) blood circulation through kidneys, (3) permeability of filtration barrier, (4) filtration surface
49
Formation of protein-free filtrate of plasma across glomerular membrane
glomerular filtration
50
The equation for what is excreted as urine
What is filtered + what is secreted - what is reabsorbed = what is excreted
51
Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Glomerular blood hydrostatic filtration
| should be 55 mmHg
52
Average glomerular blood hydrostatic filtration
55 mm Hg
53
Hydrostatic pressure exerted by filtrate into glomerulus, against filtration
capsular hydrostatic pressure
54
Average capsular hydrostatic pressure
15 mm Hg
55
Pressure due to proteins in blood that pulls blood into glomerular capillaries
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
| should be 30 mmHg
56
Average blood colloid osmotic pressure
30 mm Hg
57
Equation for net filtration pressure (NFP)
NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP
NFP = 55 mm Hg - 15 mm Hg - 30 mm Hg
58
Measures the ability of the kidneys to clear plasma of products
ONLY WHAT IS FILTERED, NOT SECRETED/REABSORBED
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
59
The ability of the kidneys to clear plamsa fro mdifferent products
renal clearence
60
Equation for glomerular filtration rate
GFR = (Concentration of inulin in urine x volume of urine)/concentration of inulin in plasma
61
Constant representing the permeability of the glomerular filter
filtration coefficient
62
GFR for kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
>90 ml/min/1.73 m^2
63
GFR for mild decreased
60-89
64
GFR for kidney failure
<15 or dialysis
65
Factors that regulate GFR
(1) myogenic response, (2) tubuloglomerular feedback at JGA, (3) hormones and ANS
66
2 means of renal autoregulation
(1) increased blood pressure in glomerular capillaries: triggers myogenic contraction of smooth muscles in afferent arterioles to reduce GFR, (2) decreased blood pressure in glomerular capillaries: triggers dilation of afferent capillaries to increase blood flow and GFR
67
Typical response to stretch arteriolar smooth muscle due to increased blood pressure
myogenic response
68
Afferent arterioles can [dilate/constrict] easier than the other
constrict
69
Portion of JGA that monitors NaCl concentration
macula densa
70
Tubuloglomerular feedback at JGA if GFR increases
1. GFR increases
2. Flow thorugh tubule increases
3. Flow past macula densa increases
4. Paracrine from macula densa to afferent arteriole
5. Afferent arteriole constricts
Causes resistance in afferent arteriole increases, hydostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases, GFR decreases
71
Specialized contractile cells in the afferent arteriole of JGA
juxtaglomerular cells/granular cells
72
As GFR increases, NaCl [increases/decreases]
increases
73
The system used when BP drops drastically, beyond autoregulation; can override autoregulation
Hormones & ANS
74
Strong vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent that changes filtration coefficient
Angiotensin II
75
Vasodilators that change filtration coefficient
prostaglandins
76
Autonomic nervous system regulation causes [vasoconstriction/vasodilation]
vasoconstriction
77
Most important regulator to the kidneys with extreme drops of BP
Symapthetic input
78
Peptide that causes glomerulus to relax, increasing surface area for filtration
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
79
Angiotensinogen and renin make up which type of angiotensin
Angiotensin I
80
Enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
81
AT II causes (2) in RAAS system
(1) vasoconstriction of arterioles, (2) increased aldosterone secretion
82
Components of JGA
(1) macula densa, (2) juxtaglomerular cells
83
Hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and blood volume
Renin-angiotensin system (RAAS)
84
Process of returning important substances from the filtrate back into the renal interstitium
tubular reabsorption
85
Role of the proximal tubule in tubular reabsopriton
reabsorb most of the electrolyes and water it receives
85
First part of the proximal tubule that is responsible for most of reabsorption
Pars convoluta
86
Percent of glomerular filtrate that the proximal tubules reabsorb
70% of glomerular filtrate
87
First point at which forming urine is modified
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
88
Percent of water and solutes filtered by the nephron that must be reabsorbed by the nephron
99%
89
Factors that influence osmolarity and concentration gradients
Movement of water into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
90
Amount of sodium and potassium ions that pump into a cell with an ATPases pump
3 Na+ ions, 2 K+ ions
91
Water flowing passively to maintain an isotonic fluid environment inside the capillary
obligatory water reabsorption
because water is OBLIGED to follow Na+
92
Portion of nephron tubule that moves more substances across than any other portion of the nephron
Proximal convoluted tubule
93
Integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances across the membrane in the same direction
symport
94
Integral membrane transport protein that simultaneusly transports two different molecules, in opposite directions, across the membrane
antiport
95
Process of passive transport, facilitated by specific integral proteins
Facilitated transfusion
96
Substances transported with Na+ (symport mechanism) on the apical membrane
Cl-, Ca++, amino acids, glucose, and PO3-4
97
Three ions that diffuse laterally between adjacent cell membranes
K+, Ca++, Mg++
98
Equation for transport maximum of glucose (reabsorption of urine)
Transport maximum = Plasma glucose x GFR
99
Ion that is vital to the maintenance of acid-base balance (very powerful fast-acting buffer)
HCO3
100
Ion that HCO3 binds with to form carbonic acid
hydrogen ions
101
Absorption of water occurs when it is obliged to follow the solutes as they are reabsorbed (to maintain osmotic gradient)
obligatory reabsorption
102
Cells that become more permeable to water to increase facultative water reabsorption
Principal cells
103
Main role of the loop of Henle
produce a hypertonic environment within the medulla to allow the reabsorption of water by osmosis from collecting tubules
104
Tubular fluid osmolality changes during loop of Henle
from isonic to plasma to being hypotonic to plasma
105
Loop of Helne that is permeable to water
descending loop
106
Loop of Henle that is permeable to ions, NOT water
ascending loop
107
Countercurrent multiplier system
The fact that the descending and ascedning loop sare next to each other and their fluid flows in opposite directions
108
Hormone that increases Na+/K+ ATPase in the basal membrane of the DCT
aldosterone
109
Ion that moves out of the lumen of the DCT into the interstitial space with Na+ to create a negative charge
Cl-
110
Capillaries that receive solutes and water in the distal tubule and return them to the circulation
peritubular capillaries
111
Actions of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
(1) induces production of calcium-binding proteins that transport Ca++ into cell, (2) binding protein for movement of calcium inside the cell and aid in exocytosis of calcium across the basolateral membrane, (3) any Ca++ not reabsorbed at the point is lost in the urine
112
Two cells of the collecting duct
(1) principal cells, (2) intercalated cells
113
Function of collecting duct
Regulation of urine volume and osmolarity
114
Blood when the collecting ducts recover more water to dilute the blood
hyperosmotic blood
115
Blood when the collecting ducts recover less water, leading to concentration of blood
hyposmotic blood
116
Hormone/organ that regulates the collecting duct
ADH from the posterior pituitary hormone
117
Cells of the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of ADH
osmoreceptors
118
What is secreted into urine at the loop of henle
urea
119
Hormone that affects water reabsorption by increasing water permeability in the collecting duct
ADH
120
The hormone that binds to receptors in the distal tubule; increases calcium channels = increases calcium reabsoprtion
ADH
121
Hormone that regulates the blood osmolality, blood pressure and osmolarity
ADH
122
Part of brain that produces ADH
hypothalamus
123
Ion recovery that aldosterone regulates
sodium
124
An increase in aldosterone causes an [increase/decrease] in Na+ recovered from the forming urine
increases
125
Hormone that creates an obligatory response
aldosterone
126
Hormone that creates a facultative response
ADH
127
Waste products of kidneys
urea, creatinine, uric acid. end products of hemoglobin, metabolites of various hormones
128
The pyramids of the kidney contain [tubules/blood vessels]
tubules
129
The columns of the kidney contain [tubules/blood vessels]
blood vessels
130
Majority of nephrons are [cortical/juxtamedullary]
cortical
131
Artery that supplies kidney
renal a.
132
Three layers of endothelial cell in glomerulus
(1) fenestration (prevents blood cells, allows blood plasma to filter_, (2) basal lamina (prevents large proteins from filtering), (3) slit membrane between pedicels (prevents medium-sized proteins)
133
Hormone that is released during an increase in BP (is a dieretic)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
134
Location and function of volume receptors
In affterent arteriole; constricts afferent arteriole, decreases perfusion
