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Biology 1610 > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removing water and linking together monomers to create polymers.

One less water molecule than number of monomers

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding h2o and to break polymer bonds

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3
Q

Lactose

A

Substrate and disaccharide

Fructose and glucose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed by dehydration reaction

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5
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide stored by plants

They’re glycosidic linkage is in an alpha structure

Hydroxyl attached below the plane of the ring

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose that animals store

Polysaccharide

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7
Q

Peptide bond

A

Dehydration bond used to assemble amino acids

Similar to glycosidic linkage for polysaccharide

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide that comprises plant’s cell wall

Glycosidic linkage is in a beta structure the hydroxyl alternates one above and one below

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9
Q

Chitin

A

The polysaccharide used by anthropods (crustaceans and insects)

Also found in fungi

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Not considered true polymers because their monomers vary in structure

Aren’t big enough to be macromolecules

They are grouped together because they don’t mix with water

Mostly hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) and non-polar

Have a carboxyl on the end that makes them a fatty acid

Created by an ester linkage between hydroxyl and carboxyl

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11
Q

Triaglycerol

A

Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

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12
Q

Saturated fat

A

No double bonds between carbons in the tail

Solid at room temp because there are a lot of the hydrocarbons packed together

Example: butter, lard

It saturated with hydrogen

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13
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

One or more double bonds in the tail with one fewer hydrogen atoms on each double bonded carbon

Causes a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

Liquid at room temp

Hydrogenated means that hydrogen has been synthetically added to make it a saturated fat (bad ie peanut butter, margarine)

Lots of fluidity because of the kinks

Animals and plants in colder climates will have more unsaturated fats which will mean that it’ll take colder temps for them to become solid

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14
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Hydrophilic head (polar)

Hydrophobic tail (non-polar)

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid obtained from diet

They involve four interconnected rings CH3

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16
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymer chains of amino acids

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17
Q

Amino acids

A

Composed of an amino group and carboxyl group

H\N/H

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18
Q

Peptide bond

A

Removal of water (dehydration reaction) to make a protein polymer

Polypeptides

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19
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and occasionally quaternary

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20
Q

Primary structure

A

Involves an amino acid chain link with a unique sequence

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21
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils and folds that occur because of hydrogen

Alpha helix - a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding occurring between every fourth amino acid

Beta pleated sheet - two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are held together by hydrogen bonds between the backbone

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22
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (r groups)

Hydrophobic interactions

Disulfide bridge

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23
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The overall structure that occurs with two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional molecule

Ie hemoglobin

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24
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Includes a problem with the protein’s structure (sickle shaped) hemoglobin which cause them to clog tiny blood vessels impeding blood flow

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25
Chaperonins
Chaperone proteins that assist in proper protein folding of other proteins It shields the protein from "bad influences" in the cytoplasm Misfolding is serious and causes Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and mad cow disease Is like a capsule that keeps the protein safe while folding
26
Nucleotides
Monomer Nucleic acids are polymer
27
DNA vs RNA
DNA provides instructions for its own replication and RNA contains instructions for creating proteins DNa has deoxyribose and rna has ribose Rna single strand and DNa is double helix T-A (U in rna) G-C
28
Pyramidine
Cut Cytosine, uracil, thymine
29
Aldehyde sugars
Carbonyl group at the end
30
Ketones
Carbonyl group inside the carbon skeleton
31
Cell fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures from another Centrifuge High speed = pellet with smaller component Lower speed = bigger component
32
Cell size
Determined by surface to volume ratio High surface to volume ratio facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment
33
Glucose
Monomer Carbohydrate C6H12O6
34
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
35
Motor proteins
Attach to the cytoskeleton and help direct vesicles
36
Microtubules
Hollow tubes 13 columns of tubulin molecules Chromosome movements in cell division Formed in centrosome Has a pair of centrioles that have nine sets of Microtubules Cilia flagella Have dyenin motor proteins attached to them
37
Microfilaments
Actin and myosin Two strands of intertwined actin Help with muscle contraction Cytoplasmic streaming Cell pseudopodia (cell motility)
38
Middle lamella
Exists between primary walls of adjacent plant cells Glues them together with pectin
39
Plasmodesmata
Membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm in plant cells
40
Tight junctions
Exist between animal cells The PMs are tightly pressed against each other bound by proteins forming continuous deals around the cells. Exist in skin s to prevent leakage between cells in our sweat glands
41
Gap junctions
Like Plasmodesmata in plant cells Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another
42
Nuclear lamina
Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
43
Tay Sachs disease
A lipid digesting enzyme is missing or inactive
44
Allosteric enzyme
Involves an enzyme with more than one receptor site Remember ligand
45
Smooth er
Makes lipids Gauscher disease: deficiency in smooth er
46
Cell-cell recognition
Is mediated by way of glycoproteins
47
Selective permeability
Allow small molecules in that are nonpolar and hydrophobic These dissolve easily :Hydrocarbons CO2
48
Carrier proteins
Change shape to aid in transporting items
49
Electrochemical gradient
A combination between the chemical force (the ion's concentration gradient) and the electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential or charge on the ion's movement)
50
Electrogenic pump
Animals - sodium potassium Plants, fungi, bacteria: proton pump
51
Cotransport
An ATP pump that transports a specific solute that indirectly drives the active transport of several other solutes Plants actively pump hydrogen atoms, but amino acids and sugars come with it.
52
Receptor mediated Endocytosis
Human cells use this to take in cholesterol for membrane synthesis and synthesis of steroids LDLs act as ligands (a molecule that bonds to the receptor site of another molecule) Familial hypercholesterol, ldls cannot enter the cells because the ldl receptor proteins are defective or missing
53
Catabolic pathways
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds Cellular respiration Hydrolysis Increases entropy Heat/condensation increases entropy
54
Anabolic pathways
Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones Ie dehydration synthesis Decreases entropy
55
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transformed, but never destroyed
56
Second law
Every transformation of energy increases the entropy of the universe
57
Why does hydrolysis occur more than condensation
Because we're increasing the order from simpler structures to larger ones
58
The change in free energy
Delta G= deltaH-TdeltaS Delta g= change in free energy Delta h = enthalpy or total energy Delta s = entropy T equals temp in kelvin
59
Exergonic
Release free energy Delta G is negative Ie cellular respiration
60
Endergonic
Absorbs free energy Delta g is positive Water being moved uphill
61
Activation energy
The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
62
Enzyme
Catalyst that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction
63
Cofactors or coenzymes
Block substrates from attaching to enzyme active sites Zinc as an example Helps catty natural elements Optimal temp for typical human enzyme 37 Optimal temp for bacteria enzyme is much higher 77
64
Pepsin
Stomach acid ph enzyme is much lower (2)
65
Trypsin
More basic enzyme so optimum ph is higher (8)

Biology 1610 (14 decks)

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