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Biology 1610 > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

-where does substrate level phosphorylation occur

A

A smaller amount
of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and
the citric acid cycle by this mechanism

This mode of ATP synthesis
occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a
substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic
phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation.

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2
Q

What are the end products for glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 net gain ATP (4 total), and 2 NADH

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3
Q

How many molecule of ATP produced from 1 glucose

molecule

A

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2
and water by respiration, the cell makes up to 32
molecules of ATP

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4
Q

Which parts of cellular respiration/photosynthesis occurs in

the cytosol

A

glycolysis

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5
Q

glycolysis

A

Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose
into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of water

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two
major phases

Energy investment phase

Energy payoff phase

Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present

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6
Q

fermentation

A

catabolic partial degra-
dation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the
use of oxygen

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7
Q

anaerobic

A

occurs without the use of oxygen as a reactant (fermentation)

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8
Q

aerobic

A

catabolic process that occurs with oxygen as a reactant

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9
Q

What type of reaction is the breakdown of glucose?

A

Exergonic (it can happen spontaneously and doesn’t require the input of energy)

It has a negative free energy change because the products store less energy than the reactants

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10
Q

redox reactions

A

transfer of one electron from one reactant to another

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11
Q

oxidized

A

the first reactant becomes oxidized and transfers to the first product

loses electrons

C6H12O6 is oxidized to become 6CO2

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12
Q

Reduced

A

The second reactant becomes reduced to become the second product

addition of electrons (number of protons are reduced)

6O2 is reduced to 6H2O

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13
Q

oxidizing agent

A

the second reactant is the oxidizing agent because it oxidizes the first reactant

6O2

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14
Q

Reducing agent

A

is the first reactant

C6H12O6

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15
Q

what role does oxygen play in cellular respiration

A

it’s the oxidizing agent

and it serves as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain

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16
Q

What are the reactants in glycolysis

A

C6H12O6, 2NAD+,2ADP+2pi

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17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

ATP, CO2, FADH2, NADH

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18
Q

What are the reactants of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl CO.A, NAD+, FAD+, ADP+Pi

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19
Q

Roles of NADPH/NAD- what do they carry and how are

they used in the metabolic processes

A

electrons

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20
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

Yeast and many bacteria

they can survive
using either fermentation or cellular respiration

pyruvate can lead to cellular respiration via O2 or ethanol lactate or other products without O2 (fermentation)

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21
Q

Athletes and scarce O2

A

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

generate ATP when O2 is scarce

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22
Q

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to

pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells

A

from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

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23
Q

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using
the energy released by movement of protons across the
membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an
example of ?

A

chemiosmosis

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24
Q

During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the

oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?

A

Oxygen from the air we breathe (from photosynthesis) and food

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25
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain | located?
in the mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
26
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A. The three listed steps result in the formation of ?
Acetyl CoA`
27
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result | of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes ?
CO2
28
Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released | during ?
Citric acid or krebs cycle
29
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence, i.e from where to where?
when they're being oxidized and pass the electrons down to their more electronegative neighbor (to the Iron Sulfur FeS protein in complex 1) which is in chemiosmosis From the electron transport chain to ATP Synthase in chemiosmosis This proton gradient that forms is called the proton motive force The carrier protein downhill from oxygen to water
30
electron transport chain
a collection of molecules em- bedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion in eu- karyotic cells. (cristae)
31
If the the free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?
Because we only use 34% of glucose for ATP; the rest is released as heat
32
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is | converted to ethanol, releases CO2
33
lactic acid fermentation
pyru- vate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
34
beta oxidation
breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. NADH and FADH2 are also generated during beta oxidation
35
• Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods | because they___
They have high energy levels of electrons A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces more than twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.
36
acetyl Coenzyme A
which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
37
Allosteric regulation
uses an enzyme to keep the "pace" of cellular respiration It monitors ATP and when ATP reaches a certain number, it stops glycolysis it also monitors citrate, so it keeps each cycle consistent
38
Where is chlorophyll located
Green pigment that gives leaves their color and is found inside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
39
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ?
The chloroplast splits water into hydrogen and oxygen It incorporates the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and then releases oxygen as a byprouduct The Oxygen comes from water
40
Difference between autotrophs and heterothrophs
autotrophs are self-feeders and sustain themselves without eating anything heterotrophs are biosphere's consumers because they consume compounds produced by other organisms
41
Engelman’s experiment
Used aerobic algae to test which wavelengths were the most suitable for photosynthesis The wavelengths that were suitable to photosynthesis caused the algae to expel excess O2 and then the aerobic bacteria would congregate around it.
42
In What wavelength of light photosynthesis takes place
400-500 nm and 600-700 nm is the best for chlorophyll a it can happen anywhere from 400-700
43
If the plant leaves appear reddish-yellow what wavelength | are being absorbed
everything except yellow, red so orange, violet, blue, and green
44
What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and | the quantity of energy per photon?
The only photons absorbed are those whose energy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state, and this energy difference varies from one kind of molecule to another. Thus, a particular compound absorbs only photons corresponding to specific wavelengths, which is why each pigment has a unique ab- sorption spectrum.
45
Water and electron donation to photosystem II
H2O is split by enzymes and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+ thus reducing it to P680 (O2 is released as a byproduct)
46
Linear electron flow
Linear: 1. Photon hits the pigment and the energy is passed from pigment molecules until it excites P680 2. An excited electron from P680 is transferred via the primary electron transport (P680+) 3. H2O is split by enzymes and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+ thus reducing it to P680 (O2 is released as a byproduct) 4. Each electron "falls" down an electron transport chain to from the primary electron acceptor of PS 2 to PS 1 5. Energy released by the fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (diffusion of H+ across the membrane drives ATP synthesis) 6. In PS 1 transferred light energy excites P700 which loses an electron (P700+ accepts an electron passed down from PS 2 through the transport chain) 7. Each electron falls down the chain from the primary electron acceptor in PS1 to ferredoxin (fd) 8. The electrons are then transferred to NADP+ and reduced to NADPH NADPH is then available for the Calvin cycle This also removed H+ from the Stroma
47
Cyclic electron flow
Electrons cycle back from Fd to PS1 reaction center Uses only PS 1 and produces ATP, but no NADPH Don't release O2 Ie purple bacteria which have PS1 but not PS2 Evolved before linear flow and may protect the plant from light damage
48
Where's ATP synthase found
in the stroma? But it is kind of embedded in the thylakoid membrane
49
P680+
Photon hits the pigment in PS 2 and the energy is passed from pigment molecules until it excites P680 and becomes 680+
50
Calvin cycle/carbon cycle
Similar to the citric acid cycle because it regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the molecule It builds sugar from smaller molecules using ATP and reducing the power of electrons via NADPH Carbon enters as CO2 and releases as glyceralhyde three phosphate G3P (has to go through Calvin cycle three times for this to occur
51
RuBp molecule and rubisco
Rubisco catalyzes carbon fixation in the calvin cycle and regenerates CO2 acceptor by RuBp
52
What compound provides the reducing power for Calvin | cycle reactions
ATP is involved, but it's mostly NADPH
53
C3 plants
most plants | initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound 3-phosphoglycerate
54
C4 plants
minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds two distinct types of cells in the leaves of C4 plants: Bundle-sheath cells mesophyll cells 1. The production of the four carbon precursors is catalyzed by the enzyme PEP carboxylase in the mesophyll cells PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low 2. These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells 3. Within the bundle-sheath cells, they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
55
CAM plants
what succulent plants use to fix carbon open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle
56
Photorespiration
rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar In many plants, photorespiration is a problem because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
57
Cleavage furrow and cell plates
Cleavage furrow happens in cytokinesis of animal cells Cell plates form in plant cells during cytokinesis
58
Centromeres
narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached
59
G1 phase
First gap - longest stage of interphase
60
G2 phase
second gap shortest time in interphase
61
S phase
synthesis (where DNA is copied and synthesized) middle length stage of interphase
62
Mitotic phase
10 % of the total reproductive cycle of the cell and includes cytokinesis and PMAT and prometaphase between pro and meta
63
prophase
dna starts to condense early mitotic spindle begins to form become two sister chromatids
64
prometaphase
nuclear envelope begins to disassociate kinetochores attach to the sister chromatids kinetochore tubules attaches to kinetochores non kinetochore microtubules also form
65
Kinetochores
Kinetochores are protein complexes associated | with centromeres
66
metaphase
sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate
67
anaphase
The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at | their kinetochore ends
68
telophase,
genetically identical daughter nuclei | form at opposite ends of the cell
69
density-dependent inhibition,
crowded cells | will stop dividing
70
anchorage dependence
to divide, they must be attached to a substratum
71
Cancer cells
don't exhibit anchorage dependence or density-dependent inhibition
72
MPF
(maturation-promoting factor) is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase
73
cyclins and cyclin-dependent | kinases (Cdks)
Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in | cell cycle control
74
checkpoints
in G1, G2 and m phases G1 is most important, if it receives the go ahead from G1, it will usually continue to do the rest
75
M phase checkpoingt
without chromosomes being attached to microtubules, mitosis won't proceed

Biology 1610 (14 decks)

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