Test 2 stuff (bruzz)

Question 1

What are the cancer stages

Answer 1

Stage 1: No metastasis
2: Local invasion
3: Spread to regional structures (lymph nodes)
4: Distant metastasis

Question 2

Stage 1 cancer is?

Answer 2

Cancer confined to the origin

Question 3

Stage 2 cancer is?

Answer 3

Locally invasive

Question 4

Stage 4 cancer is?

Answer 4

Cancer spread to a distant site

Question 5

Stage 3 cancer is?

Answer 5

Cancer that has spread to regional structures like lymph nodes

Question 6

What are carcinogens?

Answer 6

Cancer causing substances

Question 7

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 7

Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 8

What are the types of pleural effusion?

Answer 8

Transudative
Exudative
Hemothorax
Empyema
Clothorax

Question 9

Whats transudative pleural effusion?

Answer 9

Caused by cardiovascular disease
High pulmonary capillary pressure
Fluid leaking to pleural space
Fluid leaks due to increase of pressure

Question 10

What’s exudative pleural effusion?

Answer 10

Caused by infection, inflammation, or malignancy of pleura
Leads to fluid, protein, and cells in pleural space

Question 11

What’s hemothorax (pleural effusion)?

Answer 11

Caused by traumatic injury, surgery, or rupture
Blood accumulates in pleural space

Question 12

What’s empyema? (pleural effusion)

Answer 12

Caused by pulmonary infections such as pneumonia
Pus that’s in pleural space

Question 13

What’s clothorax?

Answer 13

Has lymph and fat droplets which can be caused by injury
Chyle accumulates in pleural space

Question 14

What is pulmonary edema?

Answer 14

Excess water in the lungz

Question 15

What can cause pulmonary edema?

Answer 15

Left sided heart failure
Pulmonary Capillary injury
Obstruction of lymphatic system by tumors, lung fibrosis, or surgery

Question 16

What are some symptoms of pulmonary edema?

Answer 16

Dyspnea
Hypoxemia
Increased work of breathing
Inspiratory crackles (rales)
Dullness when percussing
Pink and frothy sputum

Question 17

What is ashtma and what does it cause?

Answer 17

Inflammation of airways
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Contrictable airways and reversible airflow obstruction

Question 18

What are some signs and symptoms of asthma?

Answer 18

Expiratory wheezing (breathing out)
Dyspnea
Tachypnea

Question 19

What are risk factors of Asthma?

Answer 19

Allergen Exposure
Urban Residence
Indoor and Outdoor pollution
Tobacco Smoke
Recurrent Respiratory Infections

Question 20

What is pneumonia?

Answer 20

Inflammation of alveoli and bronchioles

Question 21

What can cause pneumonia?

Answer 21

Bacteria and viruses
Gastric secretions aspirated in lungs

Question 22

What are some symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 22

Coughing
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Confusion

Question 23

What are the chromosome aberrations?

Answer 23

Polypoid
Aneuploidy
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy

Question 24

What is Polypoid Abberation?

Answer 24

When the cell has more than the diploid number
AKA more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
Triploid: Zygote having 3 copies of chromosomes (69 total) usually results in still birth
Tetraploidy: Has 4 copies of chromosomes (92)

Question 25

What is Aneuploidy?

Answer 25

A result of nondisjunction, an error where homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally Trisomy: 3 copies of one chromosome Monosomy: One copy of a given chromosome

Question 26

What is the most common Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy?

Answer 26

Trisomy X (a female who has 3 x chromosomes)

Question 27

What is down syndrome?

Answer 27

Trisomy 21 An extra chromosome (47)

Question 28

What are some down sides to down syndrome?

Answer 28

Intellectual disability Low nasal bridge Low set ears Prone to congenital heart disease Reduced ability to fight infections By 40 they get alzeimers

Question 29

What is tuner syndrome?

Answer 29

Females with only 1 X Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile AHH) Short stature Webbing of the Neck Underdeveloped breasts (aw man) X usually inhereted from mother (gulp)

Question 30

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 30

Individuals with atleast 2 x and one Y chromosme Male appearance Female like breasts (woah) Small balls (damn) Sparse body hair Long limbs (freaky)

Question 31

What's inbreeding?

Answer 31

Cousin fuckers Increases risk of recessive disorders Also called consanguity

Question 32

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 32

Progressive muscle degeneration X linked disorder (genetic mutation) Males cannot transfer to sons, but can to daughters and they become carriers Son's of female carriers have 50% chance to get it

Question 33

What is Prader Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome?

Answer 33

Deletion of 4 million base pairs of long arm of chromosome 15 Occurs due to a problem with genetic imprinting

Question 34

Which parents gives Prader WIlli Syndrome?

Answer 34

The father

Question 35

What are some signs of Prader Willi Syndrome?

Answer 35

Behavioral Problems Intellectual Disability Short Stature Delayed puberty and constant hunger which leads to obesity

Question 36

Which parent gives off Angelman Syndrome?

Answer 36

The mother

Question 37

What are some signs of Angelman Syndrome?

Answer 37

Frequent laughter and smiling Restlessness (hyperactive) Short attention span Trouble sleeping and need less sleep then other kids Fascination with water

Question 38

What's a pedigree?

Answer 38

A diagram that shows the occurrence of certain traits through different generations of a family

Question 39

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 39

Autosomal Recessive Disorder involving exocrine glands and cause excessive thick mucus that obstructs lungs and pancreas

Question 40

What are the manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 40

Pancreatic exocrine deficiency Elevation of sodium chloride in sweat Caused by mutations in a single gene on the long arm of chromosome 7

Question 41

What is the treatment for Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 41

Antibiotics Bronchodilators Anti-Inflammatory Medications Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Chest Physical Therapy (percussions) Mucolytic Agents Nutrition- More calories

Question 42

What's the normal V/Q ration in lung perfusion?

Answer 42

0.8

Question 43

Is hyoxemia a low or high V/Q?

Answer 43

Low

Question 44

What is shunting?

Answer 44

Inadequate ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung, resulting in wasted perfusion Can occur in atelactasis, ashtma, pulmonary edma and pneumonia NO AIR FLOW

Question 45

What is Alveolar Dead Space?

Answer 45

Poor Perfusion of Well Ventilated portions of the lung which results in wasted ventilation

Question 46

Is Alveolar Dead Space high or low V/Q?

Answer 46

High

Question 47

What's an example of Alveolar Dead Space?

Answer 47

Pulmonary Embolus

Question 48

What is Hypoxia?

Answer 48

Reduced oxygenation of the cells Can be caused by anemia or cardiac disease

Question 49

What is Hypoxemia?

Answer 49

Reduced Oxygenation of Blood Can be caused by shunting Can be caused by Alveolar Dead Space Can be caused by pulmonary edema and lung fibrosis

Question 50

What can a chest tube be used in?

Answer 50

Pneumothorax

Question 51

UV rays can cause what type of cancer?

Answer 51

Melanoma: Cancer in melanocytes (pigment cells) Basal Cell Carcinoma: Lower part of epidermis Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Flat cells that form the surface of the skin

Question 52

Electromagnetic Radiation

Answer 52

Antennas, cell phones May or may not be carcinogenic

Question 53

H. Pylori causes?

Answer 53

75% of stomach cancer

Question 54

Hep B and C can cause?

Answer 54

Liver cancers

Question 55

Epstein Barr Virus can cause?

Answer 55

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Lymphomas Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Question 56

HPV can cause?

Answer 56

Cervical Penis Vulvar Vaginal Anal

Question 57

What are some cancer treatments?

Answer 57

Chemo Surgery Radiation Therapy Immunotherapy

Question 58

What are the goals of cancer treatment?

Answer 58

Curative Control Palliative