Test 5 stuff (bruzz)

Question 1

What is a sprain?

Answer 1

Injury involving the ligaments
Caused by abnormal or excessive movement of the joint

Question 2

What’s a strain?

Answer 2

Involving the muscles
Caused by overstretching/ overuse
Muscle pains/ spasms

Question 3

What kinds of fractures are there?

Answer 3

Complete: Bone is broken entirely
Incomplete: Bone is damaged but in one piece
Open: Skin is open
Communited: Bone breaks in 2 or more fragments
Linear: Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
Oblique: Occurs at a slanted angle
Spiral: Encircles a bone
Transverse: Occurs straight across the bone
Occult: Hidden or not really discernable
Segmented: 2 or more pieces or segments
Greenstick: Only one cortex
Impacted: One end wedged into opposite end of fractured fragment

Question 4

Direct fracture healing

Answer 4

Most often occurs with surgical fixation used to fix a bone
Intramembrenous bone formation
No callus formation

Question 5

Indirect bone healing

Answer 5

Secondary (indirect)
When fracture is treated with a cast or other nonsurgical methods
Intramembronous and endochondral bone formation
Callus formation
Remodeling of solid bone

Question 6

What’s nonunion?

Answer 6

Failure of the bones to grow together

Question 7

Delayed union

Answer 7

Union that does not occur until 8-9 months after a fracture

Question 8

Malunion

Answer 8

Healing of a bone in an incorrect anatomic position

Question 9

What is osteomalacia?

Answer 9

Softening of bones due to poor mineralization
Deficiency of vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone keeps being produced and tries to increase calcium levels
Excess of osteoid leads to deformaties of long bones, spine, pelvis
Can cause “knock knees”

Question 10

What’s osteoperosis?

Answer 10

Loss of Bone density and and mass leading to prous, brittle bones
Develops when the remodeling cycle is disrupted
Old bone resorbed faster than new bone is made
Loss of bone mass and spontaneous fractures
Kyphosis is a sign too: Hunchback

Question 11

What can cause osteoperosis?

Answer 11

Endocrine prolems: Parathyroid, cortisol, thyroid hormone
Vitamin D deficiency
Menopause: Estrogen deficiency and remodeling imbalance between activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 12

What’s the gold standard for detecting and monitoring osteoperosis?

Answer 12

Dual x ray absorptiometry

Question 13

What’s osteomyelitis?

Answer 13

Bone infection usually caused by Staph Aeureus
Symptoms: Fever, malaise, anorexia, wt loss, pain
Causes: Staph, diabetes, peripheral vasc disease, smoking, drugs, alc

Question 14

Kinds of osteomyelitis

Answer 14

Hematogenous: Pathogens carried through blood stream
Contigious: Infection to the adjacent bone
Brodie Abscess: Subacute or chronic osteomyelitis ; circumscribed lesions usually in ends of long bones

Question 15

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 15

Inflammatory
Effects joints, mostly synovial
Infectious: Caused by invasion of bacteria, virus, etc
Noninfectious: Immune reactions or deposition of crystals of monosodium urate in and around the joint

Question 16

Symptoms of RA

Answer 16

Systemic: Inflammation, fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, aching/ stiffness
Symmetrical: Painful, tender joints, rheumatoid nodules, morning stiffness

Question 17

How is RA diagnosed?

Answer 17

Presence of autoantibodies
Early treatment is with DMARDS like methotextrate
Can use NSAIDS

Question 18

Fibromyalgia

Answer 18

Chronic widespread diffuse joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points
Symptoms: sensitivity to touch, absence of inflammation, fatigue and nonrestorative sleep, anxiety and depression

Question 19

What’s acute kidney injur?

Answer 19

Sudden decline in kidney fucntion
Decrease on glomerular fx
Decrease urine output
Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood

Question 20

Causes of Acute Kidney Injury

Answer 20

Prerenal: Impaired blood flow to kidney ; Hypovolemia, Hypotension, shock

Intrarenal: Caused by acute tubular necrosis

Postrenal: Caused by urinary tract obstruction; edma, tumors, stones

Question 21

AKI phases

Answer 21

Initiation: Injury is evolving, prevention of injury is possible
Oliguric: Output is lowest during this stage, creatinine and BUN increase
Recovery: Diuresis common, decline in BUN and Creatinine

Question 22

Calculi (nephrolithiasis)

Answer 22

Risk Factors: Diabetes, HTN, Age , Dehydration, Women,

Question 23

Types of kidney stones

Answer 23

Calcium: Most common; Caused by low fluid intake, high oxalate foods like spinach, high vit D3
Uric Acid: caused by high purine diet ; red meat, shellfish; gout, dehydration, diarrhea
Struvite: Caused by infections ; UTI
Cystine: Autosommal recessive genetic defect in renal transport of cystine

Question 24

Incontinence types

Answer 24

Stress: Sneezing and stuff
Urge:
Overflow: Overdistention in bladder
Functional: Due to dimentia or immobility

Question 25

Cystitis

Answer 25

Inflammation of bladder Caused by: E Coli, Staph Sys Manifestations: Frequency, urgency, dysruria, low back pain, treated with antibiotics

Question 26

Interstitial Cystitis

Answer 26

Painful bladder syndrome Common in women 20-30 Bladder fullness,frequency, small urine volume, chronic pevlic pain

Question 27

UTI causes

Answer 27

At risk: Premie babies, seggtually active, women treated w antibiotics, spermicide users, estrogen deficient postmenopause ppl, catheters, diabetes

Question 28

What's UTI?

Answer 28

Inflammation of urinary epithilium caused by bacteria

Question 29

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 29

Symptoms: Hamturia, proteinuria, oliguria, htn, edema, nephrotic and nephritic sediment

Question 30

Pyelonephritis

Answer 30

Infection of ureter, renal pelvis, interstium Caused by: Kidney stones, Vesicouretal reflux, Pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, instrumentation, female sex trauma Chronic can lead to scarring

Question 31

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 31

Massive Proteinuria (3.5 g of protein per day) Common in children Primary Causes: Minimal change neruopathy, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Focal segment glomerulosclerosis Secondary: Systemic diseases ; is also associated with NSAIDS, infections, malignacies, vascular disoarders

Question 32

What does proteinuria lead to?

Answer 32

Hypoalbumineria Edema Hyperlipidemia Lipiduria

Question 33

Treatment of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 33

Protein restriciton Low fat, low salt diet Diuretics Anticoags Glucocorticoids ACE/ ARBS

Question 34

What's nephritic syndrome?

Answer 34

Less severe than nephrotic Occurs with glomerular inflammation and rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis Symptoms: Hematuria, proteinuria less than 3.5 grams, HTN, Azotemia, oliguria

Question 35

Chronic Kidney Disease:

Answer 35

Progressive loss of renal fx Associated w HTN, diabetes,

Question 36

Factors Representing Progression of Chronic Kidney Dis

Answer 36

Proteinuria: Causes tubular interstitial injury Angiotensin 2 causes efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and promotes hypertension and hyperfiltration Creatinine and urea clearence decreases Hematocrit: anemia Sodium and water balance: As GFR is reduced, less ability to concentrate urine and dilute it Hyperkalmia Metabolic Acidosis: When GFR is 30-40 % Reduced phosphate excretion: Hyperparathyroidism to combat this Dyslipidemia:

Question 37

Alterations in other systems caused by CKD

Answer 37

Skeletal : Spontaneous fractures and bone pain Cardio: Pulm edema, kussmaul breath, left heart hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, HTN, dysrythmias,