Test 2 Vocabulary Flashcards by Nathan Granetz

having no border with ocean or sea

landlocked

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space people use to travel through a mountain range

passes

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referring to a body of water wide and deep enough for a ship to pass through

navigable

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trees that lose their leaves in the fall

deciduous

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referring to evergreen trees that have their seeds in cones

coniferous

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cold dry winter wind from the north that strike southern France

mistral

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hot winds from Africa that blows across Southern Europe

sirocco

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referring to the ancient civilizations of greece and rome

classical

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independent political unit that includes a city and the surrounding area

city-state

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from of limited government in which power rests with the people and all citizens share in running the government

democracy

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government in which people choose their leaders

republic

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all powerful ruler

emperor

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head of the Roman Catholic Church

pope

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political and social system in which kings give land to nobles in exchange for the nobles provided military service as knights for the king

feudalism

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country formed by people who share a common culture and history

nation state

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one complete circuit around the sun; sweeping stage

revolution

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mass killing of 6 million European Jews by Germany’s Nazi leaders during WWII

holocaust

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System of government in which the government controls the ways of producing goods

communism

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people with a common language, history, religion, and some physical traits

ethnic group

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country where the government is the main provider for the sick, needy, and the retired

welfare state

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the average number of children born to each woman

fertility rate

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growth of cities

urbanization

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non-religious

secular

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form of government in which a monarch is the head of state, but elected officials run the government

Constitutional monarchy

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form of government in which voters elect representatives to a law making body called parliament and the members of parliament vote for an official called the prime minister to head the government

Parliamentary Democracy

plants partly decayed in water which can be dried and burned for fuel

peat

low swampy areas

bog

measure of how much work a person produces in a set amount of time

productivity

spring of water heated by molten rock inside the earth, that from time to time shoots hot water into the air

geyser

narrow, u-shaped coastal valley with steep sides formed by the action of glaciers

fjord

electricity produced by natural underground sources of steam

geothermal energy

focusing on certain economic activities to make the best use of resources

specialization

areas of business that include making computers and other products with sophisticated engineering

high technology industry

accepting 2 official languages, able to speak 2 languages

bilingual

reclaimed wetlands that use a system of dykes and pumps to keep out the seas waters

polder

a company that has locations in more than one country

multinational company

the act of being brought back together

reunification

refusal to take sides in a war between other countries

neutrality

agriculture that conserves water and uses crops and growing methods suited to semi-arid environments

dry farming

having independence from another country

autonomy

special payment made by a government to support a particular group or industry

subsidy

economic system in which the GOVERNMENT decides how much resources are used and what goods and services are provided

command economy

economic system in which INDIVIDUALS make decisions how much resources are used and what goods and services are provided

market economy

mineral salt used in making fertilizer

potash

forcing people from 1 ethnic or religious group to leave an area so that it can be used by another group

ethnic cleansing

oil, natural gas, or coal, which are an important part of the world's energy supply

fossil fuel

wood of evergreen trees often used in building and making furniture

softwood

system of roads and railroads that allow the transport of materials

infrastructure

permanently frozen lower layers of soil found in the tundra in sub-arctic climate zones

permafrost

a large coniferous forest

taiga

thick layer of smoke and chemicals

smog

chemical in smoke particles that cause pollution

pollutant

person who moves to another area to spread his or her religion

missionary

title given to the emperors of Russia's past

czar

farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with land

serf

country whose government has strong control over the economy and society as a whole

communist state

a system in which small farms are combined into huge state run enterprises with work done by mechanized techniques in the hopes of making farming more efficient and reducing the need for farm workers

collectivization

period from about 1947 until 1991 when the US and the Soviet Union engaged in a political struggle for world influence but did not fight each other

Cold War

policy of political openness in the Soviet Union that allowed people to speak freely about the country's problems

Glasnost

policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union that calls for less government control of the economy.

perestroika

action in which a group of individuals seizes control of a government

coup

passing stories by word of mouth from generation to generation

oral tradition

taking control of an industry or company by a government

nationalism

having independence from another country

autonomy

transfer of ownership of business from the government to individuals

privatization

part of society that is neither very rich nor poor but has enough money to buy cars, new clothing, electronics, and luxury items

middle class

situation that rises when a worker must take a job that requires less skill than her or she possesses

underemployment

person who receives regular payments from the government because he or she is too old or sick to work

pensioner

manufacturer of goods, such as machinery, mining equipment, and steel

heavy industry

a manufacturer of consumer goods such as clothing, shoes, furniture, and household items.

light industry

order issued by a leader that has the force of the law

decree

member of a small ruling group that holds great power

oligarch

government plan that promises to repay people who deposit their money in a bank in the bank should go out of business

deposit insurance

campaign by members of an ethnic group to break away from the national government and form an independent state

separatist movement

Test 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

(74 cards)