Test 2 (Week 4) Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
what can be used for pharmacological induction of labor?
A
oxytocin
2
Q
What are the 2 forms of chlamydia and which is the infectious form?
A
elementary body and reticulate body; elementary body is infectious form
3
Q
What’s the function of oxytocin in regards to lactation?
A
stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction to enable milk produced to be ejected from the gland.
4
Q
circumscribed nodule of crowded, uniform, medium sized glands
A
Gleason Grade 1
5
Q
Patients with decreased percentages of free PSA have an _____ risk of prostate cancer.
A
increased
6
Q
What is epispadias and what is is incidence?
A
urethra opens up along dorsum of penis; usually associated with bladder exostrophy or ventral body wall defects; 1/30,000
7
Q
Which receptors do granulosa cells have?
A
FSH and LH (only later in the process do they express LH receptors
8
Q
Torsion of the testis is a ____.
A
medical emergency
9
Q
Where does fertilization occur?
A
ampulla of oviduct
10
Q
Tumor is circumscribed, but minimal extension of glands into the surrounding prostate is present at the edges of the nodule
A
Gleason Grade 2
11
Q
Which hormone dominates the luteal phase?
A
progesterone
12
Q
What serum marker is used to detect yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumors?
A
alpha-fetoprotein
13
Q
What’s the function of the corpus luteum?
A
provides progesterone for implantation of blastocyst and maintenance of zygote until placenta can take over
14
Q
What’s the definition of early term?
A
between 37 weeks and 38 weeks 6 days
15
Q
What causes the difference between male and female hematocrit?
A
the stimulatory effect of testosterone one EPO production
16
Q
What does the follicle become after the egg is extruded?
A
corpus luteum
17
Q
A pre-pubertal testicular teratoma is ____.
A
benign
18
Q
What is gender identity?
A
Inner sense of one’s own maleness or femaleness -usually by the age of 3
19
Q
What’s the pathologic hallmark of syphilis caused orchitis?
A
obliterative endarteritis
20
Q
What must testosterone be converted to before it can have an effect on neurons?
A
estrogen
21
Q
What does androgen binding protein do?
A
Binds to Testosterone, DHT, and estradiol to make these steroids less lipophilic and concentrates them within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules
ABP binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenesis
22
Q
What’s the mechanism of action of Finasteride?
A
blocks 5-alpha reductase from converting testosterone to DHT
23
Q
What’s the mechanism of action of Degarelix and what is it used to treat?
A
GnRH receptor antagonist; approved for advanced prostate cancer
24
Q
What are the most common benign tumors of the uterus?
A
Leiomyoma
25
What is PSA? What levels of serum PSA are considered abnormal?
serine protease produced in the prostatic epithelium; \>4 ng/ml is considered abnormal
26
What does the urogenital sinus become in females?
greater vestibular glands and urethral/paraurethral glands
27
What's the function of the peg cells in the oviduct mucosa?
they are secretory and serve to nourish the oocyte, inhibit the growth of microorganisms, aid in transport, and effect sperm capicitation
28
Fused, ill-defined glands with poorly formed lumina; Cribriform glands
Gleason Grade 4
29
List the orally effective androgen that are subject to abuse by athletes and body builders.
oxandrolone, fluoxymesterone, stanozolol
30
What do sertoli cells produce that results in degeneration of paramesonephric ducts?
anti-mullerian hormone
31
Describe how dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is produced.
Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate
32
XY germ cells carry which gene that encodes "testis determining factor"?
SRY gene
33
Androgenic alopecia is male pattern balding due to the effect of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
DHT on hair follicles in the skin.
34
What stimulates an oocyte to complete Meiosis I?
LH; specifically, LH stimulates meiosis inducing factor production by granulosa cells
35
What are progesterone and estrogen levels like during regular lactation?
very low; usually results in amenorrhea and cessation of menstrual cycles
36
What do leydig cells do?
secrete testosterone
37
What causes paraphimosis?
When a phimotic prepuce (foreskin) is forcibly retracted over the glans penis, marked constriction and swelling may block replacement
38
What coincides with the rapid weight gain of the fetus at 34-40 weeks?
rapid ossification of fetal bones
39
What do sertoli cells secrete?
androgen binding protein (increases concentration of testosterone) and inhibin (inhibits pituitary FSH)
40
What's the fate of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts in the male?
mesonephric duct persists, paramesonephric duct degenerates
41
What's the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole and what is it used for?
inhibits steroid synthesis; it's an anti fungal agent, but it's used to suppress steroid synthesis in patients with testosterone-responsive metastatic prostate cancer
42
What's the diagnostic hallmark of yolk sac tumors seen on histology?
Schiller-Duval body
43
What is Oxymetholone and what is it used for?
17alpha analog; anemia (stimulates EPO) oral administration
44
What's the most common node to which germ cell tumors will spread?
para-aortic retroperitoneal nodes
45
Describe the route by which TB spreads in the male genitalia
begins in epididymis and spreads to testis
46
What's the drug of choice for chlamydial genital tract infections?
doxycycline
47
Levels of what steroids will be high in menopause?
LH and FSH
48
Solid sheets of cells, Single cells or cords of cells , Comedonecrosis
Gleason Grade 5
49
Which duct develops in males: mullerian or wolffian?
Wolffian
50
Why do the majority of prostatic adenocarcinomas not present with urinary tract symptoms?
b/c the majority of these tumors are in the peripheral zone (posterior aspect adjacent to rectum)
51
What stimulates development of external genitalia in the female?
estrogens
52
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).
Pedophillic disorder
53
Embryos with two paternal chromosomes is the cause of what?
complete hydatidiform mole and may produce choriocarcinoma
54
What's the definition of post term?
after 42 weeks
55
What is Finasteride used to treat?
BPH and male pattern baldness
56
How do you calculate Gleason score?
most common Gleason grade + second most common Gleason grade scale is from 2-10 with higher score suggesting worse prognosis
57
How is chlamydia often diagnosed?
nucleic acid amplification test
58
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Voyeurisitic disorder
59
What is Anti-Mullerian Hormone diagnostic of?
reproductive stage. high blood AMH means higher remaining egg supply
low AMH = decreasing numbers of small follicles
60
What does AMH stand for?
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
61
Describe the route by which syphilis spreads in the male genitals
starts in testis and spreads to involve epididymis
62
What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) ?
5alpha-reductase
63
What's the definition of late term?
41st week
64
What's the most common testicular tumor in men over 60?
lymphoma
65
What are the 2 cell components of an ovary?
Theca cells and granulosa cellls
66
Single, discrete glands of varying size and shape that infiltrate amongst benign prostate
Gleason Grade 3
67
What will the mesoneprhic duct develop into in males?
SEED structures Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts, ductus deferens
68
What's the function of prolactin in regards to lactation?
stimulates milk production in the epithelial cells of the breast
69
What are the side effects of androgens in women?
virilization: acne, facial hair, deep voice, muscle development
70
A post-pubertal testicular teratoma is \_\_\_\_.
malignant
71
What are the two types of cells in oviduct mucosa?
Peg cells and ciliated cells
72
The functionalis layer of the endometrium is supplied by \_\_\_\_.
coiled arteries
73
What is cryptorchidism and what is its incidence?
failure of testes to reach scrotal sac by 4th month; 3% of newborns
74
the testes themselves do not function properly
primary hypogonadism
75
What is hypospadias and what is its incidence?
abnormal opening of urethra on ventral side of shaft; 3-5/1000 births
76
Which cells secrete androgen binding protein?
secreted by Sertoli cells in response to FSH
77
What must testosterone be converted to before it can have an effect on the prostate?
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
78
What do the genital swellings become in males?
scrotum
79
Which hormone dominates the follicular phase?
estrogen (estradiol)
80
What stimulates development of external genitalia in the male?
dihydrotestosterone
81
What are the side effects of androgens in men?
impotence, decreased spermatogenesis, gynecomastia, liver abnormalities, psychotic episodes "roid rage"
82
What is condyloma acuminatum?
Benign papillary squamous neoplasm caused by HPV (sexually transmitted) --Commonly type 6 and 11--
83
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
sexual sadism disorder
84
Hypospadias is a malformation of the urethral groove on which surface of the penis?
ventral surface
85
What's the mechanism of action of Flutamide?
blocks androgen receptor
86
The Basalis layer of the endometrium is supplied by \_\_\_\_.
straight arteries
87
What do the genital swellings become in females?
labia majora
88
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Exhibitionistic disorder
89
If secondary hypogonadism is suspected, the patient should be evaluated for a\_\_\_\_\_.
pituitary tumor
90
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body part(s), as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Fetishistic disorder
91
web neck, dwarfism, infertile, amenorrhea, look female, streak gonads, cardiac and renal abnormalities
Turner’s Syndrome, XO
92
Which receptors do theca cells have?
LH
93
Describe the morphology of neisseria gonnorhea
gram negative, aerobic, intracellular diplococci
94
What's a very common metastasis site for late prostate cancer?
bone; usually axial skeleton (spine or pelvic girdle)
95
From what is the lower 2/3 of the vagina formed from?
elongation and canalization of sinovaginal bulbs (outgrowths of urogenital sinus)
96
Which zone of the prostate is the most common site of BPH?
transition zone (periurethral location)
97
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Frotteuristic Disorder
98
What's the fate of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts in the female?
mesonephric duct degenerates, paramesonephric duct persists
99
What do the urethral folds become in males?
ventral shaft of penis
100
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Transvestic disorder
101
Which zone of the prostate is the most common site of prostatic adenocarcinoma?
peripheral zone (posterior aspect adjacent to rectum)
102
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Sexual Masochism Disorder
103
What's the definition of full term?
between 39 weeks and 40 weeks 6 days.
104
What enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol 17beta?
aromatase
105
how do sperm go from the rete to the epididymis?
via efferent ducts
106
Germ cell tumors most commonly spread via lymphatics. When they spread hematogenously though, where do they most often go to?
lungs
107
impaired testicular function is a consequence of hypothalamic or pituitary disorders, such as a pituitary tumor
secondary hypogonadism
108
What's the drug of choice for gonorrhea?
ceftriaxone (but don't forget to throw in doxy to cover for chlamydia
109
What's the function of the ciliated cells in the oviduct mucosa ?
aid in transport of the oocyte
110
the preferred sexual differentiation of the partner
sexual object choice
111
What does the urogenital sinus become in males?
bulbourethral glands and prostate glands
112
What is an acquired mutation present in 40-50% of prostatic adenocarcinomas?
TMPRSS2-ETS fusion genes
113
What is Methyltestosterone and what is it used for?
17alpha analog; hypogonadism, delayed puberty, palliative tx of breast cancer
oral or buccal administration
114
Which duct develops in females: mullerian or wolffian?
Mullerian
115
What serum marker is used to detect pure type seminoma?
beta-hCG
116
Age-associated decrease in androgen production in men
andropause (late-onset hypogonadism)
117
male phenotype with small penis and rudimentary testes, low androgen production
Klinefelter’s Syndrome, XXY
118
The Gleason grading system is based on ______ alone.
architecture alone (not nuclear atypia)
119
What is phimosis?
the orifice of the foreskin is too small to permit normal retraction
120
In folliculogensis, a primordial follicle develops into a \_\_\_\_.
Griffian follicle
121
remnant of corpus luteum after it undergoes apoptosis
corpus albicans
122
Describe the partnership between Theca cells and granulosa cells.
theca cells produce androgens. Granulosa cells convert these androgen to estrogen
123
Embryos with two maternal chromosomes is the cause of what?
ovarian teratomas
124
Where do sinovaginal bulbs come from?
outgrowths of urogenital sinus
125
Epispadias is a malformation of the urethral groove on which surface of the penis?
dorsal surface
126
What is a Gartner's cyst?
cyst of remnant mesonephric duct in a female
127
What is needed to produce the LH surge required for ovulation?
an increase in estradiol to stimulate LH surge
128
What does the fused paramesonephric ducts give rise to?
body and cervix of the uterus as well as the vaginal fornices (upper 1/3 of vagina)
129
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
supportive, nourishes developing sperm
130
What are the side effects of androgens in children?
epiphyseal closure and abnormal sexual maturation
131
What's the role of glycerophosphocholine (produced by Principal cells)?
inhibits capacitation until sperm meets secondary oocyte in uterine tube
132
What's the mechanism of action of DES and what can it be used for?
synthetic estrogen; palliative treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma (estrogens suppress hypothalamic release of GnRH)
133
What's the mechanism of action of Gossypol?
causes vacuolization and breakdown of Sertoli cells and reduces sperm density (used as male contraceptive)
134
When do the urethral folds fuse to form the penile urethra?
8th month
135
Which androgen is related to BPH?
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
136
What organism cause acute bacterial prostatitis ?
E. coli and other gram negative rods
137
In what part of the ovary will you find less mature, developing follicles?
periphery of the ovary
138
What does the genital tubercle become in the male?
glans penis, corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum
139
How do sperm go from the seminiferous tubules to the rete?
via tubuli recti
140
What's the mechanism of action of Leuprolide and how is it used?
GnRH analog; when given in pulsatile fashion, it stimulates gonadotropins. When given in continuous fashion, it inhibits gonadotropins
141
What has gotten twisted in torsion and what affects is this producing?
twisting of spermatic cord; obstructs venous drainage and arterial supply
142
In which part of the epididymis will you find the most mature sperm?
the tail
143
What's the function of inhibin?
inhibits FSH production; may suppress secretion of GnRH at hypothalamus
144
What's the role of granulosa cells?
support oocyte (analogous to sertoli cells)
145
What do the urethral folds become in females?
labia minora
146
What is sexual identity ?
Sexual Identity is the pattern biologic sex characteristics: chromosomes, external and internal genitalia, hormonal composition, gonads, secondary sex traits.
147
How are sertoli cells connected to one another?
occluding (tight) junctions
148
What can be used as a treatment for hirsutism in women?
spironolactone
149
How is the broad ligament of the uterus formed?
fusion of the two paramesonephric ducts
150
What does the genital tubercle become in the female?
glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs
151
What developmental process has been interrupted if a male patient is born with hypospadias?
closure of urethral folds
152
What developmental structure persists and allows for the appearance of a congenital inguinal hernia?
patent processus vaginalis
153
A hydrocele arises from fluid collection in what developmental structure?
tunica vaginalis
