Test 3

Question 1

Explain hierarchy of structure in animals?

Answer 1

atoms>molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organ sys>organism
cells is basic unit

Question 2

Distinguish b/w anatomy and physicology

Answer 2

an: structure of organism
phy: function of parts

Question 3

Describe epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

aka epithelium, covers surface of body all internal and external organs

Question 4

6 types of connective tissue

Answer 4

1. Loose
2. Adipose
3. Blood
4. Fibrous
5. Cartilage
6. Bone

Question 5

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 5

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Question 6

Where is nervous tissue located?

Answer 6

Brain and spinal cord

Question 7

What is an organ system?

Answer 7

teams of organs, work together to perform vital functions

Question 8

What is an open system?

Answer 8

continuously exchanging chemicals and energy with surrounding

Question 9

What 3 systems exchange energy with environment?

Answer 9

1. digestive
2. respiratory
3. urinary

Question 10

Describe Homeostasis, Thermoregulation, and osmoregulation?

Answer 10

Ho: bodys ability to stay relatively unchanged
Ther: maintenence of internal body temp
Oso: control of gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes

Question 11

3 Adaptations for thermoregulation?

Answer 11

1. Behavioral(bathing)
2. anatomical(hair,fat)
3. physiological(shivering,sweating)

Question 12

Differentiate b/w negative and positive feedback

Answer 12

negative: stop process to regulate
positive: intensifies process to regulate

Question 13

homeostasis in urinary system

Answer 13

blood circulates thru kidneys(some is filtered) plasma enters tubules, 1.Filtrate:water and small molecules create filtrate 2.Reabsorption of water and nutrients are reclaimed 3.Secretions of bad substances into filtrate 4. Excretion of urine

Question 14

Parts involved in urinary system?

Answer 14

circulatory system
kidneys
nephrons
bladder

Question 15

Explain four stages of digestion

Answer 15

1. Ingestion: eating
2. Digestion: (starts in mouth) breakdown of food
3. Absorbtion: uptake of small nutrients by cell lining in tract
4. Elimination: dispose of waste/undigested material

Question 16

distinguish two types of digestive compartments

Answer 16

1. Gastrovascular Cavity: digestive enclosed by cell and only have a single opening
2. Digestive tube/Alimentary Canal: has to separate openings(mouth and anus)

Question 17

required substances of human diet provide?

Answer 17

fuel for cell work, building block to make energy, essential nutrients for health

Question 18

nutritional and eating disorders?

Answer 18

Malnutrition: not having right nutrition common in less fortunate places(protein deficiency)
Eating discorders: have access to nutrients but choose not to obtain them (result in malnutrition) (anorexia, bulimia)

Question 19

What is obesity?

Answer 19

eating disorder, too high BMI more calories, less exercise.

Question 20

Difference b/w open and closed circulation system

Answer 20

open: open vessels>fluid exchanges and returns
closed: series of veins, arteries and capillaries and keeps blood separate in tubes.

Question 21

describe atrium, ventricle, arteries, veins, and cappillaries

Answer 21

Atrium: in heart, receives blood
Ventricle: in heart pumps blood out
Arteries: carry blood away from heart into smaller arterioles
Capillaries: exchange of blood and tissue cells
Venules: collect blood from capillaries and form veins which return to heart.

Question 22

3 main components of blood

Answer 22

1. Red blood cells: most numerous, have hemoglobin
2. White blood cells: fight infections
3. Platelets: aid in clotting b/c of fibrinogen & fibrin

Question 23

functions of a respiratory surface?

Answer 23

function: gas exchange occurs, take up oxygen for every cell in body, adapted to lifestyle of org.
1.

Question 24

4 different types of respiratory functions?

Answer 24

1. skin (entire body surface, frog)
2. Gills (extensions of body surface, fish)
3. Tracheae (branching internal tubes, caterpillar/lung fish)
4. Lungs (localized internal organs, humans)

Question 25

Parts of respiratory system?

Answer 25

air from mouth and nose to 1. pharynx 2. larynx 3. bronchi 4. bronchioles 5. alveoli

Question 26

compare/contrast innate and adaptive defenses

Answer 26

innate: external barriers and internal, always ready adap: third line of defense, activated when exposed

Question 27

difference b/w internal and external innate defenses

Answer 27

external: skin,mucous membrane, wax, secretion, stomach acid Internal: white blood cells (phagocytic cells/natural killer cells), defensive proteins(interferon, complement proteins)

Question 28

describe B and T cells

Answer 28

B: mature in bone marrow T: mature in thymus

Question 29

how antigens and antibodies work

Answer 29

antigens (B/T): recognize by attaching then create antibodies antibodies: y shaped, enable immune to react to any kind of antigen. combine with antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex

Question 30

how do vaccines work?

Answer 30

harmless version of disease-causing microbe

Question 31

3 types of immune disorders

Answer 31

allergies: antigens cause allergies autoimmune: body attacks self immunodeficiency: no immune

Question 32

2 ways hormones trigger target cell

Answer 32

1. water soluble | 2. lipid soluble

Question 33

2 types of reproduction

Answer 33

asexual and sexual

Question 34

3 types of asexual

Answer 34

1. budding 2. fission 3. fragmentation (regrowth)