Test 4

Question 1

Difference b/w biotic and abiotic factors and examples.

Answer 1

Biotic: all living organisms in environment
Plant, trees, animals, protist, fungi
Abiotic: environment’s nonliving components
chemical, and physical: temperature, light, water, minerals, air

Question 2

4 levels of ecology

Answer 2

1. Organismal: individual living thing
2. Population: group of same species in specific area (population density, growth)
3. Community: all org. that that inhabit specific area (interactions b/w species)
4. Ecosystem: all abiotic and biotic factors (energy flow)

Question 3

List the 9 terrestrial biomes?

Answer 3

Terrestrial

1. Savanna
2. Chaparral
3. Temperate Grassland
4. Desert
5. Tundra
6. Polar Ice
7. Coniferous Forest
8. Temperate Broadleaf
9. Tropical Rain Forest

Question 4

What are the diff. freshwater and marine biomes?

Answer 4

Freshwater: 
1. Standing Water (lakes and ponds)
2. Flowing Water (rivers and streams)
Wetland is where aquatic and terrestrial meet
Marine:
1.Ocean
 *Intertidal zones (ocean meets land)
2. Estuaries (rivers to oceans)
3. Coral Reefs

Question 5

What are the 2 most important factors to determine terrestrial biomes?

Answer 5

Climate

1. Temperature
2. Rainfall

Question 6

What are the human impacts on biomes

Answer 6

1. destruction of forest=cause landslides
2. large amt of groundwater to surface for irrigation
3. pollution

Question 7

What is global climate change, and the causes?

Answer 7

rising concentration of CO2 and certain other gases

Question 8

How can the consequences of global climate change be reduced?

Answer 8

reducing our use of energy
driving less
recycling
eat produce form local markets

Question 9

Define population ecology and its uses

Answer 9

population is a group of single species that occupy same area and reproduce, and focuses on factors that influence a population’s growth and decline

used to study: how to develop sustainable fisheries, how to control pest and pathogens, human population growth

Question 10

Explain 4 major factors that influence pop. eco.

Answer 10

1. Density
2. Structure
3. Size
4. Growth Rate

Question 11

3 types of survivor curves

Answer 11

Type I: produce few offspring but parental care increases surviving to max life span (humans/large mammals)
Type II: 50% chance to live/die (lizards, rodents, birds)
Type III: large offspring and no parental care. most die in first few years, only few make it to max life (clam, fish, turtles)

Question 12

2 types of life histories

Answer 12

1. Opportunistic: take advantage of favorable conditions, Type III, enough can survive to continue
2. Equilibrial: develop slowly, produce few/well-cared offspring, large bodies, longer lived, Type I (quality over quantity)

Question 13

compare and contrast exponential and logistical growth

Answer 13

Expo: expansion of pop in an ideal and unlimited environment. pop has all that is needed to grow fast.
Logistical: pop increases as expo buth then decreases as population size approaches carrying capacity

Question 14

identify density dependent and density independent factors

Answer 14

dependent: limiting factor that intensifies as pop density increases/ relevant based on # of org. ( as pop increases, competition intensifies and birthrates decline)
independent: limiting factors whose intensity is unrelated to population density/ population size doesn’t matter. (fires, floods, storms)

Question 15

Population cycle

Answer 15

Boom and bust cycles

periods of rapid growth (expo growth) then steep population declines. a cycle of growth then decline

Question 16

Distinguish b/w endangered and threatened species

Answer 16

endangered: species that is in danger of extinction thru out all or significant portion of its range
Threatened: species that is likely to become endangered in future.

Question 17

identify introduced and invasive species

Answer 17

into: non-native species gets introduced to new environment
invasive: introduced species that goes crazy and causes damage

Question 18

Describe biological controls and examples

Answer 18

intentional release of natural enemy to attack a pest population(used to manage invasive species)
Leaf beetles>perennial weed
Mongoose>rat

Question 19

Differentiate b/w developed and developing countries in terms of population growth

Answer 19

Developed: overall growth rate are near zero (BR High, DR just below BR so equal almost zero)

Developing: above zero (BR persisting high, DR dropped so equal above zero)

Question 20

How are age structures used to identify social needs

Answer 20

help understand needs of population (such as schools, employment, infrastructure) and predict population’s future growth

Question 21

ask!discuss disparity consumption b/w developed and less developed nations

Answer 21

there is a huge disparity b/w resources consumption in more developed and less developed nations

Question 22

identify disturbance?

Answer 22

Disturbance: temporary damage in biological communities

-emergence of new disease and/or opportunities for other org to grow.

Question 23

Types of Ecological Succession

Answer 23

Primary: begins in a lifeless area with no soil
Secondary: disturbance has destroyed community but soil is left intact.

Question 24

Explain 2 methods organisms interact with abiotic factors

Answer 24

1. Energy flow: passage of energy thru components of ecosystem
2. Chemical cycling: (re)/use of chemical elements( carbon, nitrogen) within community

Question 25

discuss biochemical cycle in terms of biological, geological, and chemical processes

Answer 25

Biochemical cycle: involves both biotic and abiotic components 1. Producers incorporate chemicals from abiotic reservoir into organic material 2. consumers feed on producers, incorporating some chemicals into their bodies 3. Both producers and consumers release chemicals back to environment in waste products. 4. Decomposers break down complex organic molecules and replenish abiotic reservoirs.

Question 26

Consequence of nutrient pollution

Answer 26

human activities add excess amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen to aquatic ecosystems some limits growth of algae and cynobacteria but others result in heavy growth of algae and cynobacteria depleting water of oxygen reduces aquatic species and less body of water

Question 27

Differentiate b/w conservation and restoration

Answer 27

Conservation: goal-oriented science that seeks to understand and counter loss of biodiversity Restoration: uses ecological principles to develop methods of returning degraded areas to their natural state

Question 28

understand goals of sustainable development

Answer 28

goal is to acquire ecological information necessary for development, management and conservation of Earth's resources aims to conserve biodiversity and improve human condition

Question 29

Describe Biodiversity and importance in genetic, species, and eco diversity?

Answer 29

Genetic:microevolution/adaptation to environment Species: lose in species can result in life to end Eco: one species can have negative effect on entire ecosystem and end eco services.

Question 30

4 Causes for loss of Biodiversity

Answer 30

1. habitat destruction/fragmentation 2. Invasive species 3. overexploitation 4. pollution

Question 31

Discuss various interspecific interactions

Answer 31

1. Competition (-/-) 2. Mutualism (+/+) 3. Predation (+/-) 4. Herbivory (+/-) 5. Parasites (+/-)

Question 32

Understand Trophic structure and key members of food web

Answer 32

Sun>Producer/Autotroph(Plant)>Herbivore/PC (Grasshopper)>Carnivore/SC (Mouse)>TC(Snake)>QC (Hawk)